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836 results for “Avoidance”
Data archive for: Chain forming diatoms use different strategies to avoid diffusion limited N assimilation
<p>Data archive for: “Chain forming diatoms use different strategies to avoid diffusion limited N assimilation” published in <em><strong>Limnology and Oceanography (L&O), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12677">https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12677</a></strong></em>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Dataset of single cell assimilation of DIC and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> by <em>Skeletonema marinoi</em> in the exponential and stationary growth phase captured using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and stable isotopic tracers. The data set contains the data used in the study and the outliers excluded from further analysis.</p> <p> </p> <p>Two strains (Strain 1 and Strain 2) were incubated during either the exponential or stationary growth phase over 24h with <sup>15</sup>N enriched NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and <sup>13</sup>C enriched DIC. The cell specific DIC and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> assimilation was measured using SIMS.</p> <p>See the main manuscript for a extensive experimental setup and more details.</p> <p><strong>Each file is uploaded as both a .CSV and .XLSX, so that you can choose which you prefer.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Row description:</strong></p> <p>Each row represents one <em>Skeletonema marinoi cell</em>.</p> <p><strong>Column description: </strong></p> <p><em>Single.cell:</em> if the cell was a solitary cell (y) or not (n)</p> <p><em>End.cell:</em> if the cell was located at the end of a chain (y) or not (n)</p> <p><em>Chain_position:</em> a number assigned to identify every cell in a chain starting with 1 at one end of the chain</p> <p><em>Chain_length_numeric:</em> the total number of cells in the chain</p> <p><em>Chain_length_max_6: </em>the total number of cell in the chain, all numbers larger than 6 are pooled together and labelled >6</p> <p><em>Two_chain:</em> if the cell was in a chain consisting of only 2 cells (y) or not (n)</p> <p><em>Cell_information:</em> whether the cell was a solitary cell (Single cell), found in a two cell chain (Two cell chain), found at the end of a chain longer than 2 cell (End cell), or in the middle of a chain longer than 3 cells (Middle cell).</p> <p><em>Chain:</em> a identifying number assigned to differentiate the different chains</p> <p><em>C_fmol_per_cell_day:</em> DIC assimilated in fmol cell<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup></p> <p><em>N_fmol_per_cell_day:</em> NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> assimilated in fmol cell<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Hyperbolic discounting underpins response curves of mammalian avoidance behaviour
<p>As humans clear natural habitat they are brought into increased conflict with wild animals. Some conflict is direct (e.g., elevated exposure of people to predators), some indirect (e.g., abandoning suitable habitat because of human activity). The magnitude of avoidance is expected to track frequency of human activity, but the type of response is an open question. We postulated that animals do not respond passively to increased disturbance, nor does response follow a power law; instead, their ability to estimate magnitude leads to 'discounting' behaviour, as in classic time-to-reward economic models in which individuals discount larger value (or risk) in more distant time. We used a ten-year camera dataset from southern California to characterise response curves of seven mammal species. Bayesian regressions of two non-discounting models (exponential and inverse polynomial) and two discounting models (hyperbolic and harmonic) revealed that the latter better fit response curves. The Arps equation, from petroleum extraction modelling, was used to estimate a discount exponent, a taxon-specific 'sensitivity' to humans, yielding a general model across species. Although discounting can mean mammal activity recovers rapidly after disturbance, increased recreational pressure on reserves limits recovery potential, highlighting a need to strike a balance between animal conservation and human use.</p>
Dataset for the paper "Haiyi Wang, Xiaoqian Lin, Anthony Kucernak, 'Avoid using Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) as an Electrolyte for Accurate OER Studies', ACS ENERGY LETTERS, 2024, doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01589
<div>The data in this spreadsheet was used to produce the figures in the paper</div> <div>Authors: Haiyi Wang, Xiaoqian Lin, Anthony Kucernak</div> <div>Title: Avoid using Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) as an Electrolyte for Accurate OER Studies</div> <div>Journal: ACS Energy Letters</div> <div>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01589</div> <div>Please cite the above reference if you wish to use this data</div> <div> </div> <div>DOI of data: 10.5281/zenodo.12750914</div> <p> </p>
Dataset: Using Others' Tests to Avoid Breaking Updates
<p>The reuse of third-party packages has become a common practice in contemporary software development. Software dependencies are constantly evolving with newly added features and patches that fix bugs in older versions. However, updating dependencies could introduce new bugs or break backward compatibility. In this work, we propose a technique to detect breakage-inducing versions of third-party dependencies. The key insight behind our approach is to leverage the automated test suites of other projects that depend upon the same dependency to test newly released versions. We conjecture that this crowd-based approach will help to detect breakage-inducing versions because it broadens the set of realistic usage scenarios to which a package version has been exposed. To evaluate our conjecture, we perform an empirical study of 391,553 npm packages. We use the dependency network from these packages to identify candidate tests of third-party packages. Moreover, to evaluate our proposed technique, we mine the history of this dependency network to identify ten breakage-inducing versions. We find that our proposed technique can detect six of the ten studied breakage-inducing versions. Our findings can help developers to make more informed decisions when they update their dependencies.</p>
Path-Sensitive Atomic Commit: Local Coordination Avoidance for Distributed Transactions Evaluation Data
<p>Evaluation Data accompanying the paper titled:</p> <p>Path-Sensitive Atomic Commit: Local Coordination Avoidance for Distributed Transactions</p>
Data supplementing the article "Diatom DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring : strategies to avoid major taxonomical and bioinformatical biases limiting molecular indices capacities" K. Tapolczai, F. Keck, A. Bouchez, F. Rimet, M. Kahlert and V. Vasselon submitted to "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution" journal
<p>These data supplement the article "Diatom DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring : strategies to avoid major taxonomical and bioinformatical biases limiting molecular indices capacities" K. Tapolczai, F. Keck, A. Bouchez, F. Rimet, M. Kahlert and V. Vasselon submitted to "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution" journal.</p> <p>The directory contains the following files:</p> <p><strong>464_samples_fastq_files_(mothur).rar </strong>- contains the 464 fastq files proceed together during the Mothur bioinformatics treatments to produce the OTUs and ISUs tables. As the contig and the demultiplexing steps were performed by the sequencing platform, there is 1 fastq file per sample. From this 464 samples OTU/ISU tables, only information regarding 76 samples were used in this study and are listed in the "<strong>76_samples_list_(mothur).xlsx" </strong>file<strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>76_samples_list_(mothur).xlsx </strong>- contains the information regarding the 76 samples used to create the OTUs and ISUs tables presented in the paper.</p> <p><strong>76_samples_R1_R2_fastq_files(DADA2).rar - </strong>contains the raw demultiplexed fastq files (R1.fastq and R2.fastq) for each of the 76 samples used in this study to produce the ESVs table using the DADA2 bioinformatics pipeline.</p>
Dataset for "Dissociable Roles of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in the control od Impulsive action and Risk-Related Decision-Making in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats"
<p>This dataset corresponds to the study "Dissociable Roles of the mPFC-to-VTA Pathway in the Control of Impulsive Action and Risk-Related Decision-Making in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats". In this study, we used Positron Emission Tomography with [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate brain metabolic activity in Roman High- (RHA) and Low-avoidance (RLA) rats, which exhibit innate differences in impulsivity. Notably, we used a viral-based intersectional chemogenetic strategy to isolate the role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in controlling impulsive behaviors. We selectively activated the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in RHA rats and inhibited it in RLA rats, assessing the effects on impulsive action and RDM in the rat gambling task. Our results showed that RHA rats displayed higher impulsive action, less optimal decision-making, and lower cortical activity than RLA rats at baseline. Chemogenetic activation of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway reduced impulsive action in RHA rats, whereas chemogenetic inhibition had the opposite effect in RLA rats. However, these manipulations did not affect RDM. Our findings suggest a dissociable role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in impulsive action and RDM, highlighting its potential as a target for investigating impulsivity-related disorders.</p> <p><strong>Contributions for usage of this data in publications:</strong></p> <p>If you publish any work using these data, please cite this repository and the associated publication.</p>
Simulation Dataset: Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies
<p>This is a supplementary simulation dataset to reproduce Fig. 3C,D of the manuscript "Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies" by Bartashevich et al.</p> <p>The zip folder contains the following 3 files in h5 format: front attack (out_Npred1_pred_angle0.0.h5), side attack (<span>out_Npred1_pred_angle1.5707963267948966.h5), </span><span>back attack (out_Npred1_pred_angle3.141592653589793.h5).</span></p> <p>Each file has the following "keys": KeysViewHDF5 ['circ_seg', 'end', 'endD', 'end_PosVel', 'fount', 'part', 'partD', 'pavas', 'pred', 'predD', 'start', 'start_fountain', 'start_pred', 'swarm', 'swarm_pred0', 'swarm_predD'].</p> <p>The key necessary to reproduce Fig. 3C,D of the aforementioned paper is "fount" (<HDF5 dataset "fount": shape (40, 1200, 100, 8), type "<f8">). Namely, "fount" data array consists of 40 simulation runs, 1200 time points, 100 agents, and 8 metrics. The metric with index "0" depicts the value of the Euclidean distance from the agent <em>i</em> to the simulated predator. The metric with index "1" depicts the value of the position angle (theta 1 in rad) of the agent <em>i</em> relative to the simulated predator. The metric with index "2" depicts the value of the flee angle (theta 2 in rad) of the agent <em>i</em> relative to the simulated predator.</p> <p>To estimate the start and the end of the fountain evasion, one can use the following script in Python:</p> <p>import numpy as np</p> <p>m = h5py.File(filename, "r")<br><br>for key in m.keys():<br> print(key)</p> <p>fount_runs = m[key]["fount"]</p> <p>for j in range(40):<br> fnt_start[j] = np.where(fount_runs[j, 0:1200, 0:100,5]==1)[0][0] <br> fnt_end[j] = np.where(fount_runs[j, 0:1200, 0:100,5]==1)[0][-1]</p>
Empirical Dataset: Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies
<h3>Description of the data and file structure</h3> <p>The files contain the source data for Fig. 1 and Fig. 3A,B of the manuscript "Collective anti-predator escape manoeuvres through optimal attack and avoidance strategies" by Bartashevich et al.</p> <h4>Files and variables</h4> <h5>File: Fountain_Fish_coordinates.zip</h5> <p><strong>Description:</strong> </p> <p>The zip file contains 30 folders, each containing information on one predator attack and respective prey evasion. Each folder is named according to the drone ID used for the filming (e.g., DJI _1, DJI _2, DJI _3) and the respective frame number (e.g., f930) from the video recording. </p> <h5>File naming</h5> <p>Each folder contains JPG and CSV files. </p> <p>The JPG files show the image from the footage at the corresponding frame indicated in the files' name (e.g., frame_001_im).</p> <p>There are 2 types of CSV files. Files with the name 'polygon.csv' contain coordinates (in pixels) of points (x, y) defining the polygon outlining the prey school at the particular frame as indicated in the files' name (e.g., frame001) and corresponding to the image in the JPG file with the same frame number. Files with the name 'sardines_and_marlin.csv' contain coordinates (in pixels) of points (x, y), defining the head (columns 1 and 2) and the dorsal fin (columns 3 and 4) of single sardine individuals (by rows), and of the respective attacking marlin: marlin's head (columns 5 and 6), marlin's dorsal fin (columns 7 and 8), and marlin's tip of the bill (columns 9 and 10). These coordinates correspond to the respective image with the same frame number.</p>
Experimental dataset: "Minimal vertex model explains how the amnioserosa avoids fluidization during Drosophila dorsal closure"
<p>This repository contains experimental data supporting our paper "Minimal vertex model explains how the amnioserosa avoids fluidization during Drosophila dorsal closure".</p> <p><strong>Original Publication:</strong><br>Tah, I., Haertter, D., et al. (2024). Minimal vertex model explains how the amnioserosa avoids fluidization during Drosophila dorsal closure. PNAS (in press).<br>Preprint available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.20.572544">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.20.572544</a></p> <h2>Dataset Structure</h2> <h2>amnioserosa_time_lapses/</h2> <p>This directory contains confocal microscopy time-lapse recordings of eCadherin-labeled Drosophila melanogaster embryos during dorsal closure:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Imaging parameters:</strong> <ul> <li>Frame interval: 15 seconds</li> <li>Pixel size: 0.158 µm</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Data files:</strong> <ul> <li><code>*_data.p</code>: Morphometric features of individual amnioserosa cells during closure</li> <li><code>*_junctions.p</code>: Morphometric features of individual cell-cell adherens junctions</li> <li><code>read_filter_data.py</code>: Python script demonstrating data reading and filtering procedures</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2>junction_laser_cuts/</h2> <p>This directory contains high-speed recordings of UV-laser junction ablation experiments:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Imaging parameters:</strong> <ul> <li>Frame rate: 5 Hz</li> <li>Pixel size: 0.364 µm</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Content:</strong> Time series of eCadherin-labeled embryos before, during, and after precise UV-laser severing of individual junctions</li> </ul> <h2>data_figures/</h2> <p>This directory contains processed data and analysis results presented in Figures 1-3 of the main manuscript. The data are organized by figure number and include all measurements and simulation results used to generate the plots shown in these figures.</p> <p> </p> <p>For detailed experimental methods and protocols, please refer to the published paper.</p>
Nonaggressive behavior: A strategy employed by an obligate nest invader to avoid conflict with its host species
<p>In addition to its builders, termite nests are known to house a variety of secondary opportunistic termite species so‐called inquilines, but little is known about the mechanisms governing the maintenance of these symbioses. In a single nest, host and inquiline colonies are likely to engage in conflict due to nestmate discrimination, and an intriguing question is how both species cope with each other in the long term. Evasive behaviour has been suggested as one of the mechanisms reducing the frequency of host‐inquiline encounters, yet, the confinement imposed by the nests' physical boundaries suggests that cohabiting species would eventually come across each other. Under these circumstances, it is plausible that inquilines would be required to behave accordingly to secure their housing. Here, we show that once inevitably exposed to hosts individuals, inquilines exhibit nonthreatening behaviours, displaying hence a less threatening profile and preventing conflict escalation with their hosts. By exploring the behavioural dynamics of the encounter between both cohabitants, we find empirical evidence for a lack of aggressiveness by inquilines towards their hosts. Such a nonaggressive behaviour, somewhat uncommon among termites, is characterised by evasive manoeuvres that include reversing direction, bypassing and a defensive mechanism using defecation to repel the host. The behavioural adaptations we describe may play an important role in the stability of cohabitations between host and inquiline termite species: by preventing conflict escalation, inquilines may improve considerably their chances of establishing a stable cohabitation with their hosts.</p>
Raw data for the article: A commentary on "Simultaneous versus staged resection for synchronous colorectal liver metastases: A population-based cohort study". Importance of avoiding any other additional risk in selected patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases
<p>We read with great interest the article of Dr. Bogach and Colleagues, in which they have evaluated trends of resection for synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) and associated patient outcomes with a retrospective cohort study from 2006 to 2015 in the province of Ontario, Canada.</p>
NL, Advanced Driving, Cooperative Collision Avoidance
<p>Use Case Category: <strong>Advanced Driving</strong><br> User Story: <strong>Cooperative Collision Avoidance</strong><br> Location: Dutch (NL) trial site</p> <p>According to 3GPP TS 22.186 R16, Advanced Driving “enables semi-automated or fully-automated driving. Longer inter-vehicle distance is assumed. Each vehicle and/or Road Side Unit (RSU) shares data obtained from its local sensors with vehicles in proximity, thus allowing vehicles to coordinate their trajectories or manoeuvres. In addition, each vehicle shares its driving intention with vehicles in proximity. The benefits of this use case group are safer traveling, collision avoidance, and improved traffic efficiency”.</p> <p>User Story: Cooperative Collision Avoidance</p> <p>This 5G-MOBIX Service will take place at an Intelligent Intersection of the A270 Motorway - N270 Highway between Eindhoven and Helmond (NL). This site has been used for several tests and trials on Automated Driving and/or C-ITC. In 5G-Mobix the current facilities to support CCAM will be upgraded to work on a 5G mobile connectivity platform.</p> <p>Cooperative Collision Avoidance (CoCA) targets to solve a challenging traffic situation on the motorway/highway environment. The Vehicle A (‘ego vehicle’, a foreign registered vehicle driving on the Dutch motorway/highway network) will make itself ‘visible’ and known to other traffic participants and to the infrastructure for Edge Computing through C-ITS messaging via 5G networks, and Cellular V2X (C-V2X) communication i.e. either LTE-based or 5G NR-based V2X. The Vehicle B (‘alter vehicle’, a Dutch registered vehicle) will submit similar information of its presence, speed and direction of movement to ‘ego vehicle’ and infrastructure as described above. Hence the ‘Edge Cloud’ infrastructure facilities can perform calculations and offload from the vehicles to the infrastructure and then return the suggested manoeuvring messages.</p> <p>At the intersection of A270-N270 roads, the most critical path for cooperative automated driving is the left turn over the direct traffic flow that has a right-of-way for driving in highly automated mode through the intersection. The ego vehicle that is approaching the intersection must be able to clear itself safely across the motorway/highway lanes to join the main traffic flow. When deemed necessary, the ego vehicle need to safely stop autonomously before crossing the motorway/highway and start driving only when its calculated trajectory path is safe and clear for autonomous manoeuvring. For this purpose, the ego vehicle must be able to utilise both its own trajectory and timing data and information from the road side sensors as well as the alter vehicle’s precise location, intended direction and speed to avoid collision.</p> <p>The target in 5G-Mobix is time-critical message exchange between CAVs using 5G technologies. These technologies include:</p> <p>· C-V2X based on LTE or 5G NR for direct communication between vehicles and 5G networks<br> · 5G NR enabled base stations (gNB)<br> · 5G core technologies like Edge Computing (‘Edge Cloud ‘) and Slicing<br> · Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC) to support time-critical communication.</p> <p>Currently the CAVs are capable to support direct communication between vehicles via ITS-G5 based solutions and/or 4G network-based communication for C-ITS message exchange. The ultimate solution is to use hybrid in-vehicle communication units that can communicate both directly between vehicles and over the network using 5G NR-V2X.</p>
Pooling robustness in distance sampling: Avoiding bias when there is unmodelled heterogeneity
<p>Data from a two-visit line transect survey of four songbird species gathered in spring 2004. Study area size was 33.2 ha of woodland and parkland on the Montrave Estate near Leven in Fife, Scotland.</p>
Dataset for: Estimating heating times in periodically driven quantum many-body systems via avoided crossing spectroscopy
<p>The dataset includes data and Python scripts for all figures in the corresponding article.</p> <p>The data is organized into self-contained folders for each individual figure (possibly consisting of multiple subplots) and should be accessible using standard libraries for scientific Python. The included scripts can serve as a guide for accessing and plotting the data.</p>
Dataset for: Vermilion flycatchers avoid singing during sudden peaks of anthropogenic noise
<p>Dataset from a playback experiment with free-living vermilion flycatchers where we show that they stop singing when traffic noise levels suddently increase (as would occur when a car passes by). This behavior may be a strategy to increase the probability of detection by singing in periods when noise levels are lower. Males' responses toward the noise playbacks were also related with the level of artificial light at night (ALAN) in males' territories, where males living in brighter territories shortened their song bout length to a lesser extent during noise exposure than those males living in territories with lower levels of ALAN, suggesting ALAN may decrease the extent at which traffic noise affects male singing behavior.</p>
Data from: Large carnivores avoid humans while prioritizing prey acquisition in anthropogenic areas
<ol> <li>Large carnivores are recovering in many landscapes where the human footprint is simultaneously growing. When carnivores encounter humans, the way they behave often changes, which may subsequently influence how they affect their prey. However, little research investigates the behavioral mechanisms underpinning carnivore response to humans. As a result, it is not clear how predator-prey interactions and their associated ecosystem processes will play out in the human-dominated areas into which carnivore populations are increasingly expanding.</li> <li>We hypothesized that humans would reduce predation risk for prey by disturbing carnivores or threatening their survival. Alternatively, or additionally, we hypothesized that humans would increase predation risk by providing forage resources that congregate herbivorous prey in predictable places and times.</li> <li>Using gray wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA as a study species, we investigated 170 kill sites across a spectrum of human influences ranging from heavily restricted human activities on protected federal lands to largely unregulated activities on private lands. Then, we used conditional logistic regression to quantify how the probability of predation changed across varied types and amounts of human influences, while controlling for environmental characteristics and prey availability.</li> <li>Wolves primarily made kills in environmental terrain traps and where prey availability was high, but predation risk was significantly better explained with the inclusion of human influences than by environmental characteristics alone. Different human influences had different, and even converse, effects on the risk of wolf predation. For example, where prey were readily available, wolves preferentially killed animals far from motorized roads but close to unpaved trails. However, wolves responded less strongly to humans, if at all, where prey were scarce, suggesting they prioritized acquiring prey over avoiding human interactions.</li> <li>Overall, our work reveals that the effects of large carnivores on prey populations can vary considerably among different types of human influences, yet carnivores may not appreciably alter predatory behavior in response to humans if prey are difficult to obtain. These results shed new light on the drivers of large carnivore behavior in anthropogenic areas while improving understanding of predator-prey dynamics in and around the wildland-urban interface. </li> </ol>
Data from: Multi-level thresholds of residential and agricultural land use for elk avoidance across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
<p>1. Conversion of land for settlements and agriculture is increasing globally and can influence wildlife space use. However, there is limited research to identify the thresholds of land use change that incur wildlife avoidance, and how these thresholds might vary across levels of selection.</p> <p>2. We evaluated multi-level avoidance thresholds of elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) impacted by residential development and irrigated agriculture across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Using GPS data from 765 elk in 21 herds, we estimated habitat selection in relation to development and agriculture at 3 levels (home range selection, within home range selection, and movement path selection). Next, using individual selection covariates and associated measures of land use availability, we used functional-response models to evaluate how selection varied based on availability, and in turn, to estimate avoidance thresholds.</p> <p>3. We found individual and level-specific variation in elk responses to environmental factors. Elk exhibited stronger responses (either selection or avoidance) when selecting home range locations (i.e. second-order selection) than when selecting areas within home ranges (i.e. third-order selection) or selecting movement paths (i.e. fourth order selection). Importantly, elk avoidance of development and agriculture changed as the amount of land in these categories changed. Across all levels of selection, elk exhibited neutral selection for human development at low levels of availability (<1.1–2.2% developed) but avoided areas that were >1.1–2.2% developed. Conversely, elk selected positively for irrigated agriculture at low to moderate levels of availability (<52.0–66.2% agriculture) but exhibited neutral selection in areas that were > 52.0–66.2% agriculture.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and Applications: Elk avoidance of low levels of human development suggests conservation efforts such as restrictions on future development or conservation easements could focus on areas that are still below 2% developed. Additionally, because elk selection was strongest at the landscape scale, conservation actions that are based on information about the overall landscape structure may be most impactful. Our results highlight the importance of understanding variability in wildlife habitat selection at multiple levels, particularly in relation to land use change and highlight how functional response modelling can help inform landscape conservation.</p>
Data for: Invasive brown widow spiders avoid parasitism despite high densities
<p><span>Invasive species are sometimes less susceptible to natural enemies compared to native species, but the mechanism is often unclear. </span><span>Here we tested two potential mechanisms for lower parasitism of invasive species: density-dependent parasitism and preference for </span>human-dominated <span>habitats. W</span>e investigated how variation in host density and habitat type affect egg sac parasitism in two widow spider species (family Theridiidae). We compared parasitism on the egg sac of the brown widow, <em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>, an urban invasive species, and the white widow, <em>L. pallidus</em>, a species native to Israel. To investigate variation in host and parasitoid density, we measured nearest-neighbor distance between spider webs and parasitism rates in 16 sites, and in a single site monthly throughout a year. In <em>L. pallidus</em>, denser sites were more heavily parasitized (up to 55%) and parasitism rate increased with population density throughout the season. Extremely dense <em>L. geometricus</em> populations, however, had very low rates of parasitism (0-5%). We then conducted an egg sac transplant experiment in human-dominated and natural habitats. We found no parasitism of either species in the human-dominated habitat, compared to 30% parasitism of both species in the natural habitat. In addition, we found evidence for higher predation of <em>L. pallidus</em> than of <em>L. geometricus</em> egg sacs, particularly in the natural habitat. These combined results suggest that the human-dominated habitats inhabited by <em>L. geometricus</em> have a lower abundance of predators and parasites. We conclude that lower parasitism and predation in human-dominated habitats could contribute to the invasion success of<em> L. geometricus</em>.</p>
Intricate covariation between exploration and avoidance learning in a generalist predator
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Many predators avoid unprofitable prey by learning to use visual features of the prey as reliable indicators of quality. However, individual variation in avoidance learning is rarely examined in detail. It has been hypothesized that better avoidance learning ability might correlate with faster exploration tendency, but available data are limited in both quantity and scope. In this study, we examined the covariation between exploration, foraging decisions, and avoidance learning in a generalist lizard <em>Eutropis multifasciata</em> to test the prediction that faster explorers are also better avoidance learners. We also examined how sex, population, and color of unpalatable prey might mediate the exploration-avoidance learning covariation. We collected data on exploration and foraging behavior in individuals from two allopatric populations and quantified changes in foraging decisions over five daily learning trials, in which individuals were presented with normal- and bitter-tasting prey that differed consistently in color. Even though bitter prey elicited strong negative responses, lizards overall did not avoid consuming fewer such prey with learning. Instead, they learned to prioritize palatable prey as the experiment progressed. In concordance with our prediction, we found that faster explorers were generally better avoidance learners, even though sex, population, and prey color were also important. Our study represents a rare experimental test of the exploration-avoidance learning covariation, especially in non-avian systems. Our results suggest that unpalatability might be an ineffective defense against generalist predators such as <em>E. multifasciata</em> and that faster explorers might impose stronger selection for the evolution of warning signals in unprofitable prey.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.