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611 results for “Body mass”
Data from: Functional relations between body mass and risk-taking behavior in wild great tits
Natural selection often favors particular combinations of functionally-related traits, resulting in adaptive phenotypic integration. Phenotypic integration has been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the existence of repeatable among-individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality). In this study, we investigated patterns of covariation between morphology and behavior in a population of free-living great tits (Parus major) monitored for seven years. In particular, we aimed to disentangle the effect of structural size versus body condition on risk-taking behavior. To do so, we repeatedly quantified multiple morphological (body mass, wing, tarsus, and bill length) and behavioral traits (aggressiveness and exploration) in 742 individual males. Structural equation modelling (SEM) allowed us to test causal a priori hypothesized relationships between the different morphological and behavioral traits. Our best-fitting SEM model supported the existence of a behavioral character, "risk-taking behavior" that covaried simultaneously with the latent variable "body size", and "body condition". Our findings thus demonstrate that an individual's morphological and behavioral traits represent expressions of an integrated phenotype, suggesting a role for phenotypic integration in generating animal personality in a wild bird population.
Fig. 1 in Dependence of daily oviposition activity and total fecundity on body mass in the house cricket Acheta domesticus (L.) (Insecta: Orthoptera)
Fig. 1: Biological traits demonstrably influenced by body mass in orthopterans (WITHMAN 2008).
A meta-analysis of pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index and placental DNA methylation identifies 27 CpG sites with implications for mother-child health
<p>Higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) is associated with increased neonatal morbidity, as well as with pregnancy complications and metabolic outcomes in offspring later in life. Placenta is a key organ in fetal development and has been proposed to act as a mediator between the mother and different health outcomes in children. The overall aim of the present work is to investigate the association of ppBMI with epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation (DNAm) in 10 studies from the PACE consortium, amounting to 2,631 mother-child pairs. We identify 27 CpG sites at which we observe placental DNAm variations of up to 2.0% per 10 ppBMI-unit. The CpGs that are differentially methylated in placenta do not overlap with CpGs identified in previous studies in cord blood DNAm related to ppBMI. Many of the identified CpGs are located in open sea regions, are often close to obesity-related genes such as GPX1 and LGR4 and altogether, are enriched in cancer and oxidative stress pathways. Our findings suggest that placental DNAm could be one of the mechanisms by which maternal obesity is associated with metabolic health outcomes in newborns and children, although further studies will be needed in order to corroborate these findings.</p> <p>File descriptions:</p> <ul> <li>ppBMI_placenta_unadjustedmodel_NFJ.csv = EWAS summary statistics for the EWAS of ppBMI using the unadjusted model</li> <li>ppBMI_placenta_adjustedmodel_NFJ.csv = EWAS summary statistics for the EWAS of ppBMI using the adjusted model</li> </ul> <p>Upload of this dataset was completed by The EWAS Catalog team. The data can be queried along with hundreds of other EWAS at ewascatalog.org. To upload your EWAS summary statistics and have a Zenodo DOI generated for you go to ewascatalog.org/upload.</p>
Body mass and triglycerides predict departure of free-living nomadic pine siskins
<p>1. Facultative migrations are observed across vertebrate taxa, include irruptive and nomadic movements, and occur in response to ephemeral and unpredictably variable resources. While the physiology underlying seasonal, obligate migrations is thoroughly studied, much less is known about the physiological mechanisms of facultative movements. We test two hypotheses in a free-living, nomadic bird, the pine siskin (Spinus pinus).</p> <p>2. The Prepare Hypothesis predicts that, like obligate migrants, siskins increase fuel stores to prepare for migratory movements and elevations of baseline corticosterone (CORT) support departure. The Escape Hypothesis predicts that siskins do not prepare for departure, body condition declines as food availability declines, and stress-related levels of CORT induce escape from resource-poor areas.</p> <p>3. Under the controlled lab conditions of previous studies, food restriction induces declines in body condition and increases in CORT and locomotor activity, supporting the Escape Hypothesis. This study evaluates the ecological relevance of these captive findings by testing the Prepare and Escape Hypotheses in the field for the first time.</p> <p>4. During two fall field seasons, we radio-tagged siskins and tracked their local movements using handheld and automated telemetry. We assess how body condition and CORT relate to feeding behavior (estimated via plasma triglycerides (TRIG)), space use, and departure.</p> <p>5. We do not find support for either the Prepare or Escape Hypothesis, but rather observe an intermediate pattern. Birds with higher TRIG, and therefore greater food intake, are more likely to depart. Birds in poor condition stay longer near the field site; however, above a threshold body mass, body condition does not predict departure.</p> <p>6. These findings suggest moderate energy stores are necessary for departure but movement decisions depend on other factors among birds with sufficient fuel. Siskin movements are physiologically distinct from both obligate and fugitive movements, and we discuss how food availability and body condition interact to drive different types of movement.</p>
Orthomam species body mass annotation
<p>Supplementary data for our article "Phylogenetic detection of protein sites associated with<br> continuous traits".</p> <p>These data were used to perform simulations under a mutation-selection model to compare a model of genotype associations to a continuous trait against discrete models, on their ability to detect protein sites associated to the phenotype.</p> <p>Includes : a phylogeny of 116 mammalian species, reconstructed from the Orthomam database, using IQ-TREE; a table of body mass trait for each of the species.</p>
Body mass index does not decline during winter for the sedentary marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata
<p><span>Extremes in environmental conditions can limit growth and reproduction of animals. Sedentary marine animals are particularly susceptible to winter food limitation since they cannot relocate to more favorable conditions. Winter conditions have been linked to tissue mass declines as high as 70% in several temperate-zone suspension-feeding bivalve species; however, no comparable studies have been conducted on intertidal gastropods. Here, we investigate whether the suspension-feeding intertidal marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata also loses substantial tissue mass during the winter. We calculated body mass index (BMI; mg dry weight/(cm shell length)3) for individuals collected at different times of year for seven years from 2009-2019 and determined whether winter or environmental conditions influenced BMI. Remarkably, C. fornicata body mass did not decline during winter months; indeed, a relatively poorer body condition was associated with higher seawater temperature, higher air temperature and higher chlorophyll concentration. In a laboratory experiment, we found that C. fornicata that were starved for three weeks at 6 °C (local winter seawater temperature) showed no detectable declines in BMI compared to field collected individuals. Future studies should document energy budgets of sedentary marine animals at low winter seawater temperatures, and the impact of short-term elevated temperatures on those energy budgets.</span></p>
Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Numerous studies have </span><span>examined the correlation between offspring </span><span>quantity</span><span> and quality</span><span>, and many have found that the most common brood size is often smaller than broods with the highest offspring quality or production. However, the reasons why these small broods with lower offspring quality are produced, are still poorly explained. Using data spanning 29 years, we investigated the effects of brood size on nestlings' body mass and the lifetime fitness for those offspring as adults (as proxies of offspring quality) in the Crested Ibis (<em>Nipponia nippon</em>). We also examined the temporal variation of brood size. We found that overall offspring quality increases with brood size and that individuals from broods of three had the highest quality, as quantified by larger body mass, higher adult survival, and lifetime reproductive success. Furthermore, brood size of an individual pair significantly varied across years, and the proportion of broods containing two offspring increased while broods of three decreased after 2000 when the population dispersed to low-quality habitat. These findings indicate that spatiotemporal variation in resources may impact variation in brood size and subsequent fitness consequences, and that small broods are more common in resource-poor years or low-quality habitats. In contrast, parents with access to high-quality resources produce larger broods of nestlings that achieve higher body mass and subsequently experience higher adult survival and lifetime fitness. This study highlights how variation in life history traits can be influenced by resource condition, and provides an insight into particular habitat that need conservation for Crested Ibis.</span></p>
What is a mammalian omnivore? Insights into terrestrial mammalian diet diversity, body mass, and evolution
<p>Mammalian omnivores are a broad and diverse group of mammals that are often lumped together in ecological studies. As a result, there are open questions about what macroevolutionary and macroecological information can be gained when omnivorous dietary differences are investigated in ecological and phylogenetic comparative studies. In this study, we investigate the frequency at which vertebrate prey, invertebrate prey, fibrous plant material, and non-fibrous plant material co-occur in the diets of omnivorous species. We quantify the body size distributions and phylogenetic signal of terrestrial mammals that consume different omnivorous diets and using multistate reversible jump MCMC, we assess the transition rates between mammalian diet strategies on the mammalian phylogenetic tree. We find that omnivores that consume all four food types are rare and most omnivorous mammals consume only invertebrate prey and non-fibrous plants. We also find that omnivores that only consume invertebrate prey are on average smaller than omnivores that incorporate vertebrate prey as many are from within Rodentia. Our transition rate models show that there are high transition rates from invertivorous omnivory to herbivory, and from vertebrate predation to prey mixing and ultimately invertivory. Our results suggest that prey type is an important aspect of omnivore macroevolution and macroecology, as it is correlated with body mass, evolutionary history, and diet-related evolutionary transition rates.</p>
High population density and large body mass lead to increased reproductive success
<p>Although population density and phenotype are known to alter the mating strategies of individuals, their impacts on reproductive success have not been fully investigated. We examined genetic mating system variation (number of mating partners), reproductive success (offspring number) and sperm competition intensity (sires per litter) in semi-natural populations of Brandt's voles (<em>Lasiopodomys brandtii</em>) under low-, medium- and high-densities. We used 12 microsatellite genetic markers and parentage assignment of 3,516 voles, with the aim of identifying the number of mating partners and offspring produced by founder individuals. We provided strong evidence that individuals with more mating partners experienced increased reproductive success, as measured by the production of more offspring, compared with individuals that had fewer mating partners. Further, we found that large males had more mating partners (especially in high-population density enclosures) and also produced more offspring relative to smaller males. A high density of founder individuals led to more sires per litter but greater paternity share across litters (reduced paternity skew). Our results suggest that a polygamous mating system and increased body size should be favored by natural selection, and density-dependent variation in mating strategy would be sufficient to stabilize reproductive fitness under unfavorable conditions such as high founding density.</p>
Data from: Glucocorticoids negatively relate to body mass on the short-term in a free-ranging ungulate
<p>Environmental fluctuations force animals to adjust glucocorticoids (GCs) secretion and release to current conditions. GCs are a widely used proxy of an individual stress level. While short-term elevation in GCs is arguably beneficial for fitness components, previous studies have documented that the relationship between long-term baseline GCs elevation and fitness components can vary according to ecological and individual factors and according to the life-history of the species studied. Using longitudinal data on roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>) from two populations facing markedly different environmental contexts, we tested whether baseline GC levels negatively correlate with body mass – a trait positively associated with demographic individual performance – on the short- to long-term. In support, higher baseline GC concentrations were associated to lighter body mass, both measured during the same capture event, in adults of both populations. Overall, we showed that despite the marked environmental and demographic differences between populations and despite the between-sex differences in life history (<em>i.e.</em> reproductive tactics), the relationship between body mass and GCs is consistent across environmental contexts, but might differ according to the life history stage of an individual. This work opens promising perspectives to further explore the relationship between GC and fitness-related traits according to life history stages in free-ranging mammals across seasonal and environmental contexts. The timing and context-dependence of GC levels highlight the complexity of studying stress responses in the wild.</p>
Oxygen availability and body mass modulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming
<p>Data and analysis scripts for the following publication: Duncan et al. In press. Oxygen availability and body mass regulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming. Nature communications</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Analysis_script.R</em> is the R script to carry out the main analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>data.csv</em> is the physiology data to carry out the main analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>current_bottom_oxy_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>current_bottom_salt_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>current_bottom_temp_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_oxy_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_salt_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_temp_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>raw respirometry data.zip</em> is the raw respirometry data collected during the experiments for the manuscript.</p> <p><em>raw_meta_data.xlsx</em> is the meta data related to the respirometry data collected during the experiments.</p> <p><em>raw_resp_data_script.R</em> is the R script to quantify physiological metrics from experimental data.</p>
The role of body mass in limiting post heat-coma recovery ability in terrestrial ectotherms
<p>Under global warming, animal species show shrinking body size responses to heat, cascading into deep changes in community structure and ecosystem functions. Although the exact physiological mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unsolved, smaller individuals are expected to benefit from warming climate conditions more than larger ones.</p> <p>Heat-coma, a physiological state with severe consequences on locomotion ability, is often considered an "ecological death" scenario under which individuals are unable to escape and are exposed to predation, further heat injury, and other hazards. Species are expected to increasingly encounter heat-coma temperature thresholds under warming, and body size may be an important trait for thermoregulation in particular for ectotherms. The relationship between heat-coma and shrinking body size, however, remains unclear. Yet, recovery after short-term heat-coma is possible, and little is known about its importance in thermal adaptation and how organismal size changes respond to post heat-coma recovery.</p> <p>Here, we used ants, a classic model in ecophysiology, and first set an <em>in situ</em> experiment to examine the fate of heat-comatose individuals under field conditions to understand associated benefits of post heat-coma recovery. Then we quantified ants' recovery ability after heat-coma using a coma-inducing dynamic thermal assay and asked if thermal resilience varies between species with different body mass.</p> <p>Our results confirm that heat-coma represents an inherent ecological death with recovery after heat coma limiting predator capture. Additionally, following phylogenetic signals inclusion, organisms with small mass were more likely to recover, supporting the temperature-size rule and of recent studies supporting a decrease in body size composition of ectotherm community under warmer climatic conditions. Body size as a fundamental trait in ecology thus affects ectotherm survival in extreme hot conditions, with our findings suggesting how temperature stress could ultimately affect species' body size and community composition.</p>
Corticosterone treatment results in fat deposition and body mass maintenance without effects on feeding behaviour or immunity in female lizards (Tropidurus catalanensis)
<p>In different life history stages, animals must maintain homeostasis through predictable, unpredictable and/or challenging events. Glucocorticoids (GC), hormones released in response to hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/HPI) axis activation, promote various behavioural and physiological adjustments on a daily manner; and in order to restore balance, after facing stressors. When GC are elevated for an extended period and in high concentrations, characterizing a chronic exposure, it can lead to deleterious effects on animals’ physiology, such as accumulation of fat bodies, changes in feeding behaviour and suppression of immune function. We aim to elucidate the effects of chronic corticosterone exposure and body condition index (BI) in fat deposition, feeding behaviour and immune function in <em>Tropidurus catalanensis</em>’ females. Thirty animals were divided in three groups: 1. Control (no experimental procedure was performed); 2. Empty Implant (animals surgically received an empty silastic tube); and 3. CORT Implant (animals surgically received one silastic tube filled with CORT). Blood samples were collected throughout the experiment to assess CORT plasma levels, total and differential leukocyte count, bacterial killing ability (BKA), and hemagglutination titer. An immune challenge using phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was conducted to measure innate and adaptive immune response. Feeding behaviour and fat bodies were also evaluated. After implantation, CORT treated animals maintained a stable body mass through weeks of captivity, while Control and Empty Implant groups displayed weight loss. In the CORT treated animals, there was also a positive relation between BI and fat bodies, and higher fat bodies deposition when compared to groups 1 and 2. No effects of CORT treatment were observed on immune response or feeding behaviour.</p>
Effects of intraspecific competition and body mass on diet specialisation in a mammalian scavenger
<p>1. Animals that rely extensively on scavenging rather than hunting must exploit resources that are inherently patchy, dangerous, or subject to competition. Though it may be expected that scavenging species should therefore form opportunistic feeding habits in order to survive, a broad population diet may mask specialisation occurring at an individual level.</p> <p>2. To test this, we used stable isotope analysis to analyse the degree of specialisation in the diet of the Tasmanian devil, one of few mammalian species to develop adaptations for scavenging.</p> <p>3. We found that the majority of individuals were dietary specialists, indicating that they fed within a narrow trophic niche despite their varied diet as a population.</p> <p>4. Even in competitive populations, only small individuals could be classified as true trophic generalists; larger animals in those populations were trophic specialists. In populations with reduced levels of competition, all individuals were capable of being trophic specialists.</p> <p>5. Heavier individuals showed a greater degree of trophic specialisation, suggesting either that mass is an important driver of diet choice or that trophic specialisation is an efficient foraging strategy allowing greater mass gain.</p> <p>6. Devils may be unique among scavenging mammals in the extent to which they can specialise their diets, having been released from the competitive pressure of larger carnivores.</p>
Peak power and body mass as indices of bone loading in a healthy adult population
<p><strong>Objective</strong>: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a common, non-invasive, muscular fitness field test was a better predictor of bone strength compared to body mass. </p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to determine the amount of variance that peak power explained for bone strength of the tibia compared to body mass. Peak power was estimated from maximal vertical jump height using Sayer's equation. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans were used to assess bone strength measures. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Peak power (ꞵ=0.541, p<0.001) contributed more to the unique variance in bone strength index for compression compared to body mass (ꞵ=-0.102, p=0.332). For polar strength strain index, the beta coefficient for body mass remained significant (ꞵ=0.257, p<0.006), however, peak power's contribution was similar (ꞵ=0.213, p= 0.051).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Compared to body mass, peak power was a better predictor for trabecular bone strength but similar to body mass for cortical bone strength. These data provide additional support for the development of a vertical jump test as a simple, objective, valid and reliable measure to monitor bone strength among youth and adult populations.</p>
Central obesity, body mass index, metabolic syndrome and mortality in Mediterranean breast cancer patients
<p>Importance: Obesity and metabolic disorders have been associated with an increased risk of cancer and with poorer outcomes in many cohorts of breast cancer (BC) patients, with poor evidence from Mediterranean cohorts. <br> Objective: To investigate the prognostic potential of anthropometric variables, namely body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), as well as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components, in early BC patients living in a Southern Mediterranean region of Italy.<br> Design: Prospective cohort study enrolling consecutive early BC patients who were treated between January 2009 and December 2013 in Southern Italy. Median follow-up was 11.8 years and ended on June 15th 2022. Physicians who measured the study variables were blinded to patient groupings.<br> Setting: Multicenter study enrolling consecutive, early BC patients referred to specialized cancer centers.<br> Participants: A total of 955 early BC patients consecutively treated at the Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, “G. Pascale” and at the Policlinico University Hospital “Federico II”, Naples, Italy, were enrolled. All study subjects provided written informed consent to participate. <br> Intervention(s) (for clinical trials) and exposure (for observational studies): Anthropometric measurements and indices (BMI, hip circumference and WC) were collected. MetS was defined according to NCEP-ATP III criteria. MetS components were categorized as 0, 1-2 or ≥3. <br> Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall survival and BC-specific survival. <br> Results: Mean age was 55.3 years (±12.5 years); 61% of patients were post-menopausal. At the end of follow-up, 208 (22%) patients had died, 131 (14%) of whom from BC. Obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) was found in 29% of enrolled patients (14% in pre- and 38% in post-menopause); 24% of patients met the criteria for a diagnosis of MetS (7% in pre- and 36% in post-menopause), whereas 1-2 MetS criteria were found in 53% of patients<br> High WC or WHR were associated with a moderately increased risk of all-cause mortality (WC ≥ 88 cm, HR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.00-1.94; WHR > 0.85, HR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.12-2.37). Furthermore, an increased risk of all-cause mortality was observed with the presence of MetS (HR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.12-2.32). An increased BC-specific mortality risk was found in obese patients (BMI≥30 kg/m2, HR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.06-2.78) and in those with WC ≥88 (HR=1.71, 95%CI: 1.12-2.61). High WHR was also associated with increased risk of BC-specific mortality, both when evaluated as a categorical variable (WHR>0.85, HR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.13-2.86) and as a continuous variable (for each 0.1-U increase in WHR, HR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.08-1.63). The presence of MetS was associated with an 81% increased risk of BC-specific mortality (HR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.51-2.85). <br> These associations varied according to menopausal status. In particular, in pre-menopausal patients higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of both all-cause and BC-specific mortality (HR=1.43 and HR=1.58, respectively). In post-menopausal women an increased risk of all-cause mortality was found only in the presence of ≥3 MetS components (HR=2.77, 95%CI: 1.09-7.06). The associations among anthropometric variables and all-cause and BC-specific mortality also varied according to BC subtype. Triple negative BC was the only disease subtype that wasn’t independently associated with BMI, WC, WHR or MetS or all-cause and BC-specific mortality.<br> Conclusions and Relevance: Central obesity and metabolic disorders result in a highly increased risk of BC death. The magnitude of this effect suggests that obesity may nullify the benefit of effective BC therapies. Active lifestyle interventions to maintain optimal body weight and to prevent MetS should be recommended for several expected beneficial effects, including a potential reduction in BC-specific mortality.</p>
Data and R code for: Handling- or digestion-limited predator: the role of body masses and habitat complexity in predator-prey feeding interaction
<p><span>Predator functional response is a key element of feeding interactions that quantify the per capita feeding rates of predators depending on prey density, and variation in its parameters is strongly associated with interaction strength and population dynamics. We studied 18 functional responses of the marine whelk-bivalve systems across three levels of predator body size and three prey species at two habitat structures. We found that the marine whelk can be a handling-limited predator which received less attention so far. We propose that the handling-limited predator can further be categorized into two types: pursuing-limited (where maximum feeding rate could be influenced by habitat complexity) and ingesting-limited (where maximum feeding rate is impacted not by habitat complexity, but predator-prey body mass ratios and prey defense strategy). Our results show that handling time scales negatively with predator-prey body mass ratios, but there are layers of complexity nested within this trend. We first provide an underlying mechanism of this trend is the transition from handling to digestion limitation with increasing predator-prey body mass ratios. In addition to confirming known body mass ratios and habitat structure effects, our study confirms the importance of prey types. Our study reveals that simple assumptions about body masses and prey defense strategy may usefully refine estimates of feeding interactions in complex food webs.</span></p>
Supplementary data for paper "Extreme mass-ratio inspiral and waveforms for a spinning body into a Kerr black hole via osculating geodesics and near-identity transformations"
<p>Radiation-reaction fluxes and NIT interpolant data for paper "Extreme mass-ratio inspiral and waveforms for a spinning body into a Kerr black hole via osculating geodesics and near-identity transformations"</p>
Effects of Body Mass Index on the Hyperemic Response to Regadenoson
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00859833. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Oral Contraceptives and Body Mass Index
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01170390. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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