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FIG. 124 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 124. — Left auditory region of Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663) in ventral view: A, stereophotographs; B, pencil drawing (cracks and breakages of the specimen have been omitted); Scale bar: A, 2 cm.
FIG. 122 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 122. — One of the 11 most parsimonious trees resulting from the constrained analysis of a data matrix of 70 taxa and 426 characters. Analysis was performed employing the program TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) (see above in Material and methods). Given the high homoplasy index, it is clear that the very unstable trees resulting from this analysis must be taken with extreme caution, since their topology may be drastically modified with introduction or withdrawal of taxa or characters. The pattern of the molecular scaffold used for the constraint is shown in the lower left corner of the Figure.
FIG. 121 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 121. — One of the 11 most parsimonious trees (consistency index = 0.177; retention index = 0.494; homoplasy index 0.506; 3445 steps) resulting from the constrained analysis of a data matrix of 70 taxa and 426 characters. Analysis was performed employing the program TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) (see above in Material and methods). Given the high homoplasy index, it is clear that the very unstable trees resulting from this analysis must be taken with extreme caution, since their topology may be drastically modified with introduction or withdrawal of taxa or characters. The pattern of the molecular scaffold used for the constraint is shown in the lower left corner of the figure.
FIG. 118 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 118. — Mounted skeleton of Alcidedorbignya inopinata. Bones have been modeled using Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite 16.0 from the CT Scan images of the skeleton MHNC 8372, then assembled, articulated and posed using Maxon Cinema 4D R16. The position is that of the animal walking on the ground: A, left lateral view; B, left anterodorsolateral view. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/ geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files. Scale bar: 5 cm.
FIG. 117 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 117. — Mounted skeleton of Alcidedorbignya inopinata. Bones have been modeled using Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite 16.0 from the CT scan images of the skeleton MHNC 8372, then assembled, articulated and posed using Maxon Cinema 4D R16. The position is that hypothesized during arboreal locomotion, with the branches clasped between the manus and pedes: A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view. The 3D rendering of CT data is available in pdf format at the address http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/37/4/alcidedorbignya-inopinata-additional-files. Scale bar: 5 cm.
FIG. 116 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 116. — Distal view of the left femur in selected fossil and extant mammals: A, Alcidedorbignya inopinata (reconstructed on the basis of the undistorted specimens MHNC 8355 and 8456); B, Sciurus igniventris (coll RH uncatalogued); C, Sciurus vulgaris (uncatalogued);D, Ratufa bicolor (MNHN-AC-13435);E, Martes foina (uncatalogued); F, Felis silvestris (uncatalogued);G, Cynomys ludovicinanus (MNHN-AC-1895-4); H, Marmota marmota (MNHN-AC-1996-2438); I, Vulpes lagopus (MNHN-AC-1880.1313). Abbreviations: ft, femoral trochlea; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle. Not to scale.
FIG. 124 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 124 (continuation). — Left auditory region of Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663) in ventral view: C, line drawings with captions. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; apt, articular facet for the posterior crus of the ectotympanic; Bo, basioccipital, Bs, basisphenoid; cf, carotid foramen; cp, crista parotica; deeam, dorsal edge of the external acoustic meatus; eacc, external aperture of the cochlear canaliculus; eacf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; egls, entoglenoid process of the squamosal; Eo, exoccipital; er, epitympanic recess; fi, fossa incudis; ftt, fossa for tensor tympani muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gf, glenoid fossa; glf, Glaserian fissure; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; lact, facet for the lateral articulation of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic; lctp, lateral caudal tympanic process; mact, facet for the medial articulation of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic; mctp, medial caudal tympanic process; mp, mastoid process; npr, notch for the posterior ramus of the stapedial artery; Pe, petrosal; po, promontorium; pge, postglenoid eminence; pgf?, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; pyf, pyriform fenestra; san, sulcus for the auricular nerve (auricular branch of the X); sff, secondary facial foramen; smn, stylomastoid notch; Sq, squamosal; stn, sulcus for the tympanic nerve; tt, tegmen tympani; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, tympanohyal.
FIG. 115 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 115. — Anterodistal view of the right ulna in selected fossil and extant mammals showing the angle between the proximal edges of the radial and trochlear notches. A, Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372); B, Mayulestes ferox (MHNC 1249 reversed); C, Sciurus igniventris (coll RH uncatalogued); D, Martes foina (uncatalogued); E, Dendrolagus sp (uncatalogued); F, Marmota, marmota, (MNHN-AC-1996-2438) G, Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663 reversed). Abbreviations: rdn, radial notch; trn, trochlear notch. Colors: red, anterior edge of the radial notch; green, anterior edge of the trochlear notch. Not to scale.
FIG. 113 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 113. — Medial view of left posterior ungual phalanges of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372). A, digit II; B, digit III. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 114 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 114. — Medial view of the left ulna in selected fossil and extant mammals showing the distal orientation of the coronoid process. The red lines materialise the angle between the plane of the humeral articular surface of the process and the proximodistal axis of the bone: A, Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372, reversed), angle = c. 20°; B, Mayulestes ferox (MHNC 1249), angle = 25°; C, Sciurus igniventris (coll RH uncatalogued), angle = 40°; D, Martes foina (uncatalogued), angle = 50°; E, Marmota, marmota, (MNHN-AC-1996-2438), angle = 60°; F, Pantolambda bathmodon (AMNH 16663), angle = 55°. Abbreviations: rdn, radial notch; trn, trochlear notch. Not to scale.
FIG. 112 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 112. — Left metatarsals and digits of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372) in dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 123 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 123. — Partial skull of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 13931): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view; D, right lateral view of the mandible. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 120 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 120. — Strict consensus cladogram (consistency index = 0.166, retention index = 0.453, homoplasy index = 0.547; 3676 steps) of the unconstrained analysis of a data matrix of 70 taxa and 426 characters. Analysis was performed employing the program TNT (Goloboff et al. 2008) (see above in material and methods). Numbers at nodes are Bremer values. Given the high homoplasy index, it is clear that the very unstable trees resulting from this analysis must be taken with extreme caution, since their topology may be drastically modified with introduction or withdrawal of taxa or characters.
FIG. 111 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 111. — Proximal views of the left metatarsals of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372). Abbreviations: dor, dorsal; fcu, facet for the cuboid; fect, facet for the ectocuneiform; fenc, facet for the entocuneiform; fmes, facet for the mesocuneiform; lat, lateral; med, medial; plt, plantar. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 110 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 110. — Left posterior cuneiforms of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, ectocuneiform in lateral view; B, ectocuneiform in medial view; C, ectocuneiform in proximal view; D, mesocuneiform in lateral view; E, mesocuneiform in medial view; F, mesocuneiform in proximal view; G, entocuneiform in lateral view; H, entocuneiform in medial view; I, entocuneiform in distal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cuboid facet; dist, distal; dor, dorsal; ecf, facet for the ectocuneiform; enf, facet for the entocuneiform; fMtI, facet for the MtI; fMtII, facet for the MtII; fMtIII, facet for the MtIII; lat, lateral; med, medial; mef, facet for the mesocuneiform; naf, navicular facet; plt, plantar; pt, plantar tubercle, prox, proximal. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 109 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 109. — Left cuboids of Alcidedorbignya inopinata: A, dorsal view of (MHNC 13838); B, proximal view of (MHNC 13838); C, medial view of (MHNC 13837); D, proximodorsolateral view of (MHNC 13837). Abbreviations: asf, astragalar facet; asfc, astragalar facet of the cuboid; clf, calcaneal facet; ecf, ectocuneiform facet; naf, navicular facet; pt, plantar tubercle. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 108 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 108. — Left cuboid and navicular of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, left cuboid in proximal view; B, left cuboid in dorsal view; C, left cuboid in plantar view; D, left navicular in proximal view; E, left navicular in distal view; F, left navicular in plantar view. Abbreviations: asfc, astragalar facet of the cuboid; asfn, astragalar facet of the navicular; clf, calcanear facet; dor, dorsal; dist, distal; ecf, ectocuneiform facet; enf entocuneiform facet; lat, lateral; med, medial; mcf, mesocuneiform facet; plt, plantar; prox, proximal; pt, plantar tubercle. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 106 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 106. — Right calcaneus of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8315): A, dorsal view; B, medial view; C, lateral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 94 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 94. — Right femur of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, anterior view; B, medial view; C, posterior view; D, proximal view; E, distal view. Abbreviations: fc, fovea capitis; fgi, fossa for the gastrocnemius internus; fpl, fossa for the popliteus muscle; ft, femoral trochlea; gt, greater trochanter, h, head; ic, interdondylar fossa; lc lateral condyle; le, lateral epicondyle; lt, lesser trochanter; ltc, lateral trochlear crest; mc, medial condyle; me, medial epicondyle; mftl, fossa for attachment of the medial femorotibial ligament; mtc, medial trochlear crest; n, neck; tf, trochanteric fossa, tt, third trochanter. Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 102 in Alcidedorbignya inopinata, a basal pantodont (Placentalia, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia: anatomy, phylogeny and palaeobiology
FIG. 102. — Right astragalus of Alcidedorbignya inopinata (MHNC 8372): A, dorsal view; B, plantar view; C, lateral view; D, distal view. Abbreviations: b, body; cuf, cuboid facet; dfac, dorsal foramen of the astragalar canal; ef, ectal facet; fafl, fossa for the astragalofibular ligament; fif, fibular facet; gatl, groove for the astragalotibial ligament; h, head; lp, lateral process; ltf, lateral tibial facet; mtf, medial tibial facet; n, neck; naf, navicular facet; pt, plantar tuberosity; sacf, supplementary astragolocalcaneal facet; sf, sustentacular facet; vfac, ventral foramen of the astragalar canal. Scale bar: 5 mm.
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