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1,123 results for “Cis”
Data from: The evolution of heat shock protein sequences, cis-regulatory elements, and expression profiles in the eusocial Hymenoptera
Background: The eusocial Hymenoptera have radiated across a wide range of thermal environments, exposing them to significant physiological stressors. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of three families of Heat Shock Proteins (Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40), the primary molecular chaperones protecting against thermal damage, across 12 Hymenopteran species and four other insect orders. We also predicted and tested for thermal inducibility of eight Hsps from the presence of cis-regulatory heat shock elements (HSEs). We tested whether Hsp induction patterns in ants were associated with different thermal environments. Results: We found evidence for duplications, losses, and cis-regulatory changes in two of the three gene families. One member of the Hsp90 gene family, hsp83, duplicated basally in the Hymenoptera, with shifts in HSE motifs in the novel copy. Both copies were retained in bees, but ants retained only the novel HSE copy. For Hsp70, Hymenoptera lack the primary heat-inducible orthologue from Drosophila melanogaster and instead induce the cognate form, hsc70-4, which also underwent an early duplication. Episodic diversifying selection was detected along the branch predating the duplication of hsc70-4 and continued along one of the paralogue branches after duplication. Four out of eight Hsp genes were heat-inducible and matched the predictions based on presence of conserved HSEs. For the inducible homologues, the more thermally tolerant species, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, had greater Hsp basal expression and induction in response to heat stress than did the less thermally tolerant species, Aphaenogaster picea. Furthermore, there was no trade-off between basal expression and induction. Conclusions: Our results highlight the unique evolutionary history of Hsps in eusocial Hymenoptera, which has been shaped by gains, losses, and changes in cis-regulation. Ants, and most likely other Hymenoptera, utilize lineage-specific heat inducible Hsps, whose expression patterns are associated with adaptive variation in thermal tolerance between two ant species. Collectively, our analyses suggest that Hsp sequence and expression patterns may reflect the forces of selection acting on thermal tolerance in ants and other social Hymenoptera.
FIGURES 46 in Cis leoi, a new species of Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Neotropical Region
FIGURES 46. Cis leoi sp. nov.; Fig. 4. Male genitalia. The arrow indicates the VIII sternite; Fig. 5. Male metaphase I (population from Viçosa, MG, Brazil) showing nine autosomal bivalents and the sex bivalent Xyp (arrow); Fig. 6. First meiotic bivalents of a male (population from Ubá, MG, Brazil), showing the sex bivalent Xyp (arrow). Scale bars: 100µm (Fig. 4); 5µm (Figs. 5 and 6).
FIGURES 13 in Cis leoi, a new species of Ciidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Neotropical Region
FIGURES 13. Cis leoi sp. nov., male paratype (SEM); Fig. 1. Body, dorsal view; Fig. 2. Scutellum surrounded by part of the elytra and pronotum; Fig. 3. Part of the head, dorsal view. Scale bars, respectively: 100µm, 50µm, and 50µm.
FIGURE 5 in Two new Brazilian species of Cis Latreille, 1796 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae)
FIGURE 5. Whole view of the male genitalia of Cis fiuzai sp. nov. (male) evidencing the ninth tergite (ixT), eighth sternite (viiiS), basal piece (bp), tegmen (teg) and median lobe (ml). Scale bar: 100µm.
FIGURES 6–9 in Two new Brazilian species of Cis Latreille, 1796 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae)
FIGURES 6–9. Scanning electron microscopy of Cis gumiercostai sp. nov. (males) evidencing some features of the external morphology. 1. Dorsal view, scutellum surrounded by part of elytra and pronotum. 2. Ventral view, prosternum and prosternal process. 3. Ventral view evidencing the protibia; note that the outer angle of the protibial apex is pronounced forming a tooth (arrow). 4. Detail of the first ventrite showing the setose patch (arrow). Scale bars: 50µm.
FIGURES 1–4 in Two new Brazilian species of Cis Latreille, 1796 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae)
FIGURES 1–4. Scanning electron microscopy of Cis fiuzai sp. nov. (males) evidencing some features of the external morphology. 1. Dorsal view, scutellum surrounded by part of elytra and pronotum. 2. Ventral view, prosternum and prosternal process. 3. Ventral view evidencing the protibia; note the angulate outer apex of protibia (arrow). 4. Detail of the first ventrite showing the setose patch (arrow). Scale bars: 50µm.
FIGURE 10 in Two new Brazilian species of Cis Latreille, 1796 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae)
FIGURE 10. Whole view of the male genitalia of Cis gumiercostai sp. nov. (male) evidencing the ninth tergite (ixT), eighth sternite (viiiS), basal piece (bp), tegmen (teg) and median lobe (ml). Scale bar: 100µm.
FIGURES 10–14. Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 10–14. Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, from Ipatinga (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil). 10. Antenna. 11. Anterior tibia of male (A) and female (B). Note that the tooth at the outer apical angle is bigger in male than in female (arrows). 12. Eighth sternite of male. 13. Male genitalia, showing the tegmen (teg) and the penis (pen). The big arrows are pointing the membranous apex of the penis, and the small arrows are pointing the apical margin of the tegmen. Ninth segment not shown. 14. Female terminalia, showing the gonostyli (gs), gonocoxites (gc), baculi of basal gonocoxites (small arrows), paraprocts (pp), baculi of paraprocts (b.pp), proctiger (pt) and its apex (big arrow pointing the dashed line), and baculi of proctiger (b.pt). Note that the gonocoxites (gc) are transversely divided in three parts. Spiculum ventrale not shown.
FIGURES 1–3 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Male of Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, from Ipatinga, southeastern Brazil. 1. Dorsal view. 2. Lateral view. 3. Ventral view.
FIGURE 15 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURE 15. Map showing Ipatinga (circle, county name underlined), in the state of Minas Gerais (Southeast Region), the unique locality where Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991, has been collected in Brazil. Other counties named on the map as reference.
FIGURES 4–9 in The first record of Cis chinensis Lawrence from Brazil, with the delimitation of the Cis multidentatus species-group (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 4–9. Two "species" of the multidentatus group. 4–6. Cis chinensis Lawrence, 1991. Dorsal view of the pronotum and part of the head of a male from Ipatinga (4), a female from Ipatinga (5), and a male paratype from China (6). 7–9. Cis multidentatus (Pic, 1917). Dorsal view of the pronotum and part of the head of a male from Malta (7), a small male from Germany (8), and the abdomen of a male from Germany (9) showing the fovea at the first abdominal ventrite (arrow).
FIGURE 4 in Cis pickeri sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 4. Cis pickeri sp. nov., male genitalia showing the basal piece (bp), penis (pen) and tegmen (teg). A. Aedeagus. B. Tegmen. C. Penis with basal piece.
FIGURE 5 in Cis pickeri sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 5. Distribution map of Cis pickeri sp. nov., showing the two localities where the species was collected (triangles) in the Western Cape Province, Republic of South Africa.
FIGURE 1 in Cis pickeri sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 1. Habitus of Cis pickeri sp. nov., male holotype. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in Cis pickeri sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 3. External morphological characters of Cis pickeri sp. nov., SEM, paratypes and topotypes. A–I. Largehorned (high) male. A'–I'. Small-horned (low) male. A"–I". Female. A–A". Head, dorsal view. B–B". Antenna. C–C". Antennal club. D–D". Head and prothorax, ventral view. E–E". Abdomen, ventral view. In E and E' the arrow is indicating an enhanced portion of the first abdominal ventrite bearing the male sex patch. F–F". Anterior leg in posterior view, with the distal portion of foretibia in detail. The arrow in F and F' is indicating the outer apical tooth. G–G". Lateral margin of pronotum, dorsolateral view. H–H". Surface and setae of pronotum. I–I". Surface and setae of elytra. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A–A", D–D", E, E", F–F"), 0.05 mm (G–G"), 0.03 mm (E'), 0.02 mm (B–B", C–C", H–H", I–I").
FIGURE 2 in Cis pickeri sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Ciidae) from Southern Africa
FIGURE 2. Habitus of Cis pickeri sp. nov., SEM, paratypes and topotypes. A–C. Large-horned (high) male. A'–C'. Small-horned (low) male. A"–C". Female. A–A". Dorsal view. B–B". Lateral view. C–C". Ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
FIGURES 8–10 in Redescription of Cis taurus (Reitter, 1878) (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 8–10. Cis taurus (Reitter, 1878). 8. Female paralectotype from Orizaba, Veracruz. 9. Male from Tlanchinol, Hidalgo. 10. Male from Xilitla, San Luis Potosí.
FIGURES 1–7 in Redescription of Cis taurus (Reitter, 1878) (Coleoptera: Ciidae)
FIGURES 1–7. Cis taurus (Reitter, 1878), male plesiotype from Orizaba, Veracruz (1–5) and dissected abdominal terminalia of a male from Banderilla, Veracruz (6–7). 1. Dorsal view. 2. Lateral view. 3. Ven t ral vi ew. 4. Detail of the dorsum, showing the dual-sized punctation of elytra and the single-sized punctation of pronotum. 5. Sex patch (arrow) at the first abdominal ventrite 6. Eighth abdominal sternite. 7. Aedeagus, showing penis at left and tegmen with basal piece at right. Each arrow indicates the lateral excavation near the apex of the tegmen.
FIGURE 100. Presumable hybrid between Brycon nattereri and B. orbignyanus, MZUSP 375, 253.6 in A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae)
FIGURE 100. Presumable hybrid between Brycon nattereri and B. orbignyanus, MZUSP 375, 253.6 mm SL: Brazil, São Paulo, Itatiba.
FIGURE 85. Brycon falcatus, ANSP 69619, 149.2 in A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae)
FIGURE 85. Brycon falcatus, ANSP 69619, 149.2 mm SL: Brazil, "Rio Parnahyba… Piauhy". Holotype of Brycon matrinchao Fowler. Photo by M.W. Littmann.
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