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Fig. 2 in Neighbor colonies affect level of foraging in the generalist ant Pheidole oxyops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. (A) Number of total foraging exits per d period. Triangles indicate outliers in the sample. (B) Relationship between ground surface temperature and frequency of foraging exits. Values extracted from the Linear Mixed Effect Model. (C) Number of exits from colony and distance between the nearest colonies. (D) Colony entrance with some workers and feathers near entrance.

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Fig. 1 in Seasonal prevalence of queens and males in colonies of tawny crazy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida

Fig. 1. Mean ± SE (n = 3–11) number of queens (including female dealates), volume of brood (mL), and number of male alates per colony, collected monthly in Gainesville (Alachua County), Florida, USA, to show monthly fluctuations within seasons designated as winter (Dec–Feb), spring (Mar–May), summer (Jun–Aug), and fall (Sep–Nov).

Fig. 5. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 5. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 (DNPM 329) from the Early Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná State, southern Brazil. A1, marginal daughter tubes 5 and 6 (black arrows) and the isolated guyot-like feature (white arrow) between them; A2, side view of the guyotlike basal portion of marginal daughter tube 4 (arrow); A3, detail of daughter tubes 6 and 8, arrows indicate places where compaction has caused the intact marginal thickenings to appear as narrow, levee-like berms. Scale bars: A1, A2, 500 μm; A3, 1 mm.

Fig. 4. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 4. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sica Salter, 1856 (DNPM 329) from the Early Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation, Paraná State, southern Brazil. The numbers 1–16 indicate the evident, marginal daughter tubes, while the letter P indicates the parent tube. A. Reproduction of Clarke's (1913) drawing. B. Light photographs. B1, general view; 17?, the possible basal portion of a seventeenth daughter tube; B2, detail, the arrow indicates a short longitudinal cross section through one of the marginal thickenings. Also present, near this site, is apparent spalling of fine lamellae. Scale bars: A, B1, 16 mm; C, 4 mm.

Fig. 6 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 6. Medusozoan cnidarian Sphenothallus sp. on a possible orthoconic cephalopod; from the Upper Ordovician (Katian 1–2) Utica Shale, Cap Santé, Québec, Canada. Light photographs of epibiontic tubes. A. MPEP1144.1, A2 detail of A1. B. MPEP1144.2. Scale bars A1, 5 mm; A2, B, 3 mm.

Fig. 3 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 3. Measured stratigraphical column of the Ponta Grossa Formation, Jaguariaíva section (from Simões et al. 2009). Abbreviations: M, mudstone, S, siltstone, FS, fine sandstone, MS, medium sandstone, CS, coarse sandstone.

Fig. 2 in Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Silurian–Devonian interval in the Paraná Basin (modified from Assine et al. 1994; Sedorko et al. 2017). The exact level in the Jaguariaíva Member at which Clarke's (1913) specimens of Sphenothallus were found is not known.

Fig. 2 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 2. Retiolitid graptolites Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. and Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 from the Gołdap IG−1 borehole, Poland. A, B, D, E. Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., depth 1267.0 m, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, Wenlock. A. ZPAL G. 47/1, holotype, stereopair of obverse view of finite rhabdosome, proximal lateral orifice (arrow) (A1); proximal view of rhabdosome (A2), outer ancora arrowed; proximal view of isolated last theca and nema (A); ancora umbrella and dense outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome (arrow) (A). B. ZPAL G. 47/5, th 11 side view of proximal 3 4 part of rhabdosome showing dense outer ancora and pre−thecal ventral orifice overgrown by reticulum (arrow) (B1), rudimentary transverse rod (arrow) (B). D. ZPAL G. 47/8, th 12 side view of proximal part of rhabdosome showing overgrown pre−thecal ventral orifice (arrow). E. ZPAL G. 47/9, proximal 2 view of immature rhabdosome showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora starting to grow (arrow). C. Spinograptus clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951, ZPAL G. 47/10, depth 1259.0 m, Colonograptus ludensis Biozone, Wenlock, open−ended rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae, lateral view (C1), obverse view of proximal end of rhabdosome (C) showing ancora umbrella and outer ancora at th 11 side of rhabdosome.

Fig. 5 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 5. Drawing of retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov., in obverse view, with reconstructed membranes. The ancora umbrella membrane is hypothetical. Note the short finite rhabdosome with characteristic two last tube−shaped thecae without genicular processes and very small and narrow appendix. Drawing AK.

Fig. 1 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 1. Stratigraphical sequence of the Spinograptus species, with new data from this paper and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 1997: fig. 12. The ranges of Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) and S. clathrospinosus Eisenack, 1951 reach the Saetograptus linearis–Monograptus ceratus Biozone in the Arctic Canada (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk 2004), which is not marked herein.

Fig. 3 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 3. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. rhabdosomes (A–D) showing thecal membranes (brown) and Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) (E, F) showing morphological details. A, B, D. Fragments of rhabdosomes from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/2, well preserved proximal end and three pairs of thecae obverse (A1) and reverse (A2) views, metasicula arrowed. B. ZPAL G. 47/3, tuboid distal theca arrowed. D. ZPAL G. 47/4, well preserved membranes and tuboid distal theca. C. Finite rhabdosome, holotype from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1267.0 m), Colonograptus deubeli Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/1, obverse view with isolated distal theca (arrow). E. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Gołdap IG−1 borehole (1250.0 m) Neodiversograptus nilssoni–Lobograptus progenitor Biozone, ZPAL G. 47/12, morphology of ventral wall. F. Spinograptus spinosus (Wood, 1900) from Jarosławiec K2, ZPAL G. 47/11, young rhabdosome, dotted lines show possible broken spines. Light microscope pictures (A–D), SEM pictures (E, F).

Fig. 4 in A new type of colony in Silurian (upper Wenlock) retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland

Fig. 4. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus tubothecalis sp. nov. from Prągowiec 2, Colonograptus deubeli Biozone. A. ZPAL G. 47/6, paratype, distal end of rhabdosome with three well preserved thecae on one side and small appendix; distal view (A1), view towards the inside of last theca (A2), lateral view of whole specimen (A3), stereopair of the better preserved thecae (A4). B. ZPAL G. 47/7, distal end of rhabdosome with two last thecae and terminal structure; distal view of the whole fragment (B1); view to the inside of last theca (B2); terminal structure (B3).

FIGURE 9 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 9. Acer negundo (Box Elder). 1, Leaflet, showing shallow lobes and rounded sinuses, EMS 425016; 2, Trichomes along veins, EMS 425016; 3, Trichomes along tooth margin, EMS 425016, with increased density on basal side of tooth; 4, Tooth of modern A. negundo from York County, Pennsylvania (collection Y2.2 of Wilf, 1997), showing the same general trichome pattern.

FIGURE 7 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 7. Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip Tree). 1, Subfossil samara, EMS 425015; 2, Thickened ridge at basal attachment site of EMS 425015; 3, Mucronate samara tip from EMS 425014.

FIGURE 4 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 4. Fagus grandifolia (American Beech). 1, Leaf fragment, showing regularly spaced secondary veins, EMS 425004; 2, Detail of venation on EMS 425004; 3, Trichomes at vein junction, EMS 425004; 4, Trichomes at the vein junction of a modern F. grandifolia leaf from York County, Pennsylvania (collection Y1.2 of Wilf, 1997); 5, Rounded tooth on subfossil, EMS 425005; 6, Tooth and rounded sinus on modern F. grandifolia leaf from York County, Pennsylvania (collection Y1.2 of Wilf, 1997); 7, Trichome, EMS 425004.

FIGURE 6 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 6. Quercus Section Quercus (White Oak group). 1, Lobe of modern Q. alba from York County Pennsylvania (collection of Wilf, 1997); 2, Subfossil, EMS 425008, showing entire margin with fimbrial vein and retuse, asymmetrical apex.

FIGURE 8 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 8. Three Salix spp. (Willow) subfossils. 1, EMS 425022; 2, EMS 425021; 3, EMS 425023; 4, Salicoid tooth, EMS 425021.

FIGURE 3 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 3. Alnus serrulata (Hazel Alder), EMS 425002. 1, Whole specimen; 2, Peltate scale and simple trichomes; 3, Stipitate gland trichome; 4, Detail of teeth; 5, Trichomes at vein junction; 6, Areolation with simple and branching freely ending veinlets.

FIGURE 5 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 5. Quercus Section Lobatae (Red Oak group). 1, Leaf fragment showing asymmetrical lobe with acute apex, EMS 425011; 2, Abaxial leaf surface of EMS 425011, with randomly oriented stomata; 3, Simple trichome on leaf surface near secondary vein, EMS 425011. 4, Trichomes along a tertiary vein, EMS 425011; 5, Individual stoma of modern Q. rubra from York County, Pennsylvania (collection Y2.3 of Wilf, 1997) showing T-shape junction; 6, Individual stoma of EMS 425011.

FIGURE 2 in Riparian and valley-margin hardwood species of pre-colonial Piedmont forests: A preliminary study of subfossil leaves from White Clay Creek, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA

FIGURE 2. White Clay Creek leaf mat site, illustrating the contact (at trowel) between the darker hydric soil layer containing subfossil leaves and the overlying, lighter-colored legacy sediments. Stadia rod for scale.