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782 results for “Conflict”
Data from: Queen succession conflict in the paper wasp Polistes dominula is mitigated by age-based convention
Reproduction in cooperative animal groups is often dominated by one or a few individuals, with the remaining group members relegated to non-reproductive helping roles. This reproductive skew can evolve if helpers receive fitness benefits such as potential future inheritance of the breeding position, but the mechanisms by which inheritance is determined are not well resolved. <i>Polistes</i> paper wasps form highly reproductively skewed groups and inheritance of the breeding position is likely to play a key role in the maintenance of this social structure, making them excellent models for the processes by which simple societies are maintained. Reproductive succession is thought to be determined via an age-based convention in some <i>Polistes</i> species, but there is also evidence for contest-based succession systems in which the replacement queen uses physical aggression to overpower and thereby subordinate her nestmates. Here we provide evidence that queen succession in colonies of the European paper wasp <i>Polistes dominula</i> is determined via convention rather than contest, with little disruption to the colony's social functioning. We use queen removal experiments and fine-scale behavioral analyses to confirm that age is a strong predictor of succession, and that behavioral responses to queen removal are restricted to the oldest individuals rather than being experienced equally across the group. We provide the most comprehensive and detailed experimental analysis on the dynamics of breeder succession in a cooperatively breeding invertebrate to date, thereby shedding light on the mechanisms by which animal societies are able to maintain cohesion in the face of within-group conflict.
Data from: Ecosystem context illuminates conflicting roles of plant diversity in carbon storage
Plant diversity can increase biomass production in plot‐scale studies, but applying these results to ecosystem carbon (C) storage at larger spatial and temporal scales remains problematic. Other ecosystem controls interact with diversity and plant production, and may influence soil pools differently from plant pools. We integrated diversity with the state‐factor framework, which identifies key controls, or 'state factors', over ecosystem properties and services such as C storage. We used this framework to assess the effects of diversity, plant traits and state factors (climate, topography, time) on live tree, standing dead, organic horizon and total C in Québec forests. Four patterns emerged: (1) while state factors were usually the most important model predictors, models with both state and biotic factors (mean plant traits and diversity) better predicted C pools; (2) mean plant traits were better predictors than diversity; (3) diversity increased live tree C but reduced organic horizon C; (4) different C pools responded to different traits and diversity metrics. These results suggest that, where ecosystem properties result from multiple processes, no simple relationship may exist with any one organismal factor. Integrating biodiversity into ecosystem ecology and assessing both traits and diversity improves our mechanistic understanding of biotic effects on ecosystems.
Data from: Experimental evidence that metamorphosis alleviates genomic conflict
Whenever genetically correlated traits experience antagonistic selection, an adaptive response in one trait can lead to a maladaptive response in the correlated trait. This is a form of genome-level conflict that can have important evolutionary consequences by impeding organisms from reaching their adaptive optima. Antagonistic selection should be pervasive in organisms with complex life histories as larval and adult life stages specialize in dramatically different environments. Since individuals express larval and adult morphologies from a single genome, genomic conflict across ontogenetic stages should also be prevalent. Using wood frogs as a study system, we measured natural selection on larval and post-metamorphic life stages, and estimated genetic correlations among traits. Alternative life stages experienced a mix of both antagonistic and congruent viability selection. The integration between traits changed over the course of metamorphosis, reducing genetic correlations that cause conflict. Our results provide novel experimental evidence that metamorphosis can alleviate genomic conflict by partitioning life history stages into modules that can more readily respond to selection. These results highlight the adaptive potential of metamorphosis as a means to avoid ecological specialization trade-offs. Moreover, they provide insights into the prevalence and evolutionary maintenance of complex life cycles.
Geospatial dataset for Cumulative Impact assessment, Sea Use conflict analysis and Marine Ecosystem Services assessment in the Adriatic Ionian Region
<p>Geospatial dataset for Cumulative Impact assessment, Sea Use conflict analysis and Marine Ecosystem Services assessment in the Adriatic Ionian Region (reference year 2014).</p> <p>The datasets are derived from ADRIPLAN Portal (http://data.adriplan.eu/).</p>
The Double-Edged Sword Of Diversity: How Diversity, Conflict, and Psychological Safety Impacts Software Teams: Dataset and Supplementary Materials
<p>This bundle contains supplementary materials for an upcoming academic publication The Double-Edged Sword Of Diversity: How Diversity, Conflict, and Psychological Safety Impacts Software Teams, by Christiaan Verwijs and Daniel Russo. Included in the bundle are the dataset, SPSS syntaxes, and model definitions (AMOS). This replication package is made available by C. Verwijs under a "Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike 4.0 International"-license (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0).</p><p><strong>About the dataset</strong></p><p>The dataset (SPSS) contains anonymized response data from 1.118 respondents aggregated into 161 (Agile) software teams that participated from the <a href="https://scrumteamsurvey.org">https://scrumteamsurvey.org</a>. Data was gathered between September 2021, and January 2022. We cleaned the individual response data from careless responses and removed all data that could potentially identify teams, individuals, or their parent organizations. Because we wanted to analyze our measures at the team level, we calculated a team-level mean for each item in the survey. Such aggregation is only justified when at least 10% of the variance exists at the team level (Hair, 2019), which was the case (ICC = 35-45%). No data was missing on the team level.</p><p>The dataset contains question labels and answer option definitions. To conform to the privacy statement of [scrumteamsurvey.org](https://scrumteamsurvey.org), the bundle does not include response data from before the team-level aggregation.</p><p><strong>About the model definitions</strong></p><p>The bundle includes definitions for Structural Equation Models (SEM) for AMOS. We added the iterations of the measurement model, four models used to perform a test for common method bias, and the path model that includes interactions. Indirect effects were calculated with the <a href="http://statwiki.gaskination.com/index.php?title=CFA">"Indirect Effects" plugin</a> for AMOS by James Gaskin.</p><p><strong>About the SPSS syntaxes</strong></p><p>The bundle includes the syntaxes we used to prepare the dataset from the raw import, as well as the syntax we used to generate descriptives. This is mostly there for other researchers to verify our procedure.</p>
Data Associated with Manuscript Titled "Conflicted Emotions Following Trust-Based Interaction"
<p>This is a dataset used in analyses of trust-based interaction behavior and emotional reactions described and interpreted in the associated manuscript titled "Conflicted Emotions Following Trust-Based Interaction".</p>
Livestock guardian dogs establish a landscape of fear for wild predators: implications for the role of guardian dogs in reducing human-wildlife conflict and supporting biodiversity conservation
<ol> <li>Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) are increasingly used to protect livestock from predators, but their effects on the distribution and behaviour of wild predators are mostly unknown. A key question is whether LGDs exclude predators from grazing land, or if predators continue to use areas with LGDs but modify their behaviour in ways that reduce impacts on livestock.</li> <li>We studied effects of LGDs (Maremma sheepdogs) on distribution and behaviour of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. We mapped the activity of LGDs across the study areas using GPS tracking and measured fox activity using remote cameras. We also measured risk-sensitive foraging in foxes to test if they reduced feeding time at sites regularly used by LGDs.</li> <li>Foxes occurred throughout areas occupied by LGDs, but their probability of detection was negatively related to probability of LGD presence. Foxes extracted fewer food items from experimental food stations in proportion to the intensity of local activity of LGDs. This indicates that though foxes overlapped with LGDs, they responded to risk of encountering LGDs by allocating less time to foraging. </li> <li>While LGDs do not necessarily exclude wild predators from areas used for livestock production, they can have strong effects on predator behaviour. Reduction in time allocated to foraging in areas regularly used by LGDs could lead to suppression of hunting behaviour and therefore a reduction in attacks on livestock. The flexible response of predators to LGDs should facilitate coexistence of wild predators with livestock farming, by allowing predators to continue to use areas occupied by livestock while still preventing attacks on those livestock. Our results therefore strengthen the case for use of LGDs in the conservation of predators threatened by conflict with farming. Suppression of hunting behaviour should also mean that prey species experience reduced rates of predation on farmland with LGDs. This effect could be valuable for conservation of threatened species of prey.</li> </ol>
Data from: Phylogenomics and topological conflicts in the tribe Anthospermeae (Rubiaceae)
<p>Genome skimming (shallow whole-genome sequencing) offers time- and cost-efficient production of large amounts of DNA data that can be used to address unsolved evolutionary questions. Here we address phylogenetic relationships and topological incongruence in the tribe Anthospermeae (Rubiaceae), using phylogenomic data from the mitochondrion, the nuclear ribosomal cistron, and the plastome. All three genomic compartments resolve relationships in the Anthospermeae; the tribe is monophyletic and consists of three major subclades. Carpacoce Sond. is sister to the remaining clade, which comprises an African subclade and a Pacific subclade. Most results, from all three genomic compartments, are statistically well-supported; however, not fully consistent. Intergenomic topological incongruence is most notable in the Pacific subclade but present also in the African subclade. Hybridization and introgression followed by organelle capture may explain these conflicts but other processes, such as incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), can yield similar patterns and cannot be ruled out based on the results. Whereas the null hypothesis of congruence among all sequenced loci in the individual genomes could not be rejected for nuclear and mitochondrial data, it was rejected for plastid data. Phylogenetic analyses of three subsets of plastid loci identified using hierarchical likelihood ratio test demonstrated statistically supported intragenomic topological incongruence. Given that plastid genes are thought to be fully linked, this result is surprising and may suggest modelling or sampling error. However, biological processes such as biparental inheritance and inter-plastome recombination have been reported and may be responsible for the observed intragenomic incongruence. Mitochondrial insertions into the plastome are rarely documented in angiosperms. Our results indicate that a mitochondrial insertion event in the plastid trnSGGA-rps4 IGS region occurred in the common ancestor of the Pacific clade of Anthospermeae. Exclusion/inclusion of this locus in phylogenetic analyses had strong impact on topological results in the Pacific clade.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic conflict between species tree and maternally inherited gene trees in a clade of Emberiza buntings (Aves: Emberizidae)
<p>Different genomic regions may reflect conflicting phylogenetic topologies on account of incomplete lineage sorting and/or gene flow. Genomic data are necessary to reconstruct the true species tree and explore potential causes of phylogenetic conflict. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships of four <em>Emberiza</em> species (Aves: Emberizidae) and discuss the potential causes of the observed mitochondrial non-monophyly of <em>Emberiza godlewskii</em> (Godlewski's bunting) using phylogenomic analyses based on whole genome resequencing data from 41 birds. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the whole mitochondrial genome and ~39 kilobases from the non-recombining W chromosome reveal that the northern and southern populations of <em>E. godlewskii</em> are each sister to <em>E. cioides</em> and <em>E. cia</em>, respectively. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide data support the monophyly of <em>E. godlewskii</em> with the following tree topology: (((<em>E. godlewskii</em>, <em>E. cia</em>), <em>E. cioides</em>), <em>E. jankowskii</em>).<em> </em>Using D-statistics, we detected multiple gene flow events among different lineages, indicating pervasive introgressive hybridization within this clade. Introgression from an unsampled lineage that is sister to <em>E. cioides</em> or introgression from an unsampled mitochondrial + W chromosomal lineage of <em>E. cioides</em> into northern <em>E. godlewskii </em>may explain the phylogenetic conflict between the species tree estimated from genome-wide data and mtDNA/W trees. These results underscore the importance of using genomic data for phylogenetic reconstruction and species delimitation.</p>
Engaging urban residents in the appropriate actions to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts
<p>Data that supports the following publication: Puri, M., Goode, K.O., Johannsen, K.L., and Pienaar, E.F. (2024) <span>Engaging urban residents in the appropriate actions to mitigate </span><span>human–wildlife</span><span> conflicts. <em>Conservation Science and Practice</em>.</span></p> <p><span>Article DOI: 10.1111/csp2.13074</span></p>
CMAD: A Dataset of Conflicting Marks from the Brazilian Intellectual Property Office
<p>CMAD, an acronym for Conflicting Marks Archive Dataset, is a dataset that has been meticulously organized into pairs of marks (Number of pairs=18,355) involved in conflicts of copyright infringement between word, figurative and mixed marks. Marks sought registration with the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in Brazil, and had their applications denied after analysis by intellectual property specialists.</p>
Supplementary information for: The artefactual branch effect and phylogenetic conflict: Species delimitation with gene flow in mangrove pit vipers (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus-erythrurus complex)
<p>Mangrove pit vipers of the <em>Trimeresurus</em> <em>purpureomaculatus</em>-<em>erythrurus</em> complex are the only species of viper known to naturally inhabit mangroves. Despite serving integral ecological functions in mangrove ecosystems, the evolutionary history, distribution, and species boundaries of mangrove pit vipers remain poorly understood, partly due to overlapping distributions, confusing phenotypic variations, and the lack of focused studies. Here, we present the first genomic study on mangrove pit vipers and introduce a robust hypothesis-driven species delimitation framework that considers gene flow and phylogenetic uncertainty in conjunction with a novel application of a new class of speciation-based delimitation model implemented through the program Delineate. Our results showed that gene flow produced phylogenetic conflict in our focal species and substantiated the artefactual branch effect where highly admixed populations appear as divergent nonmonophyletic lineages arranged in a stepwise manner at the basal position of clades. Despite the confounding effects of gene flow, we were able to obtain unequivocal support for the recognition of a new species based on the intersection and congruence of multiple lines of evidence. This study demonstrates that an integrative hypothesis-driven approach predicated on the consideration of multiple plausible evolutionary histories, population structure/ differentiation, gene flow, and the implementation of a speciation-based delimitation model can effectively delimit species in the presence of gene flow and phylogenetic conflict.</p>
Analyzing Linguistic Patterns in the Social Media Discourse of Juan Guaidó and Nicolás Maduro during the 2019 Political Conflict in Venezuela - research data
<p>In this paper, the political conflict in Venezuela in 2019 is approached from a corpus linguistic point of view. The conflict between Juan Guaidó, the speaker of the parliament, and Nicolás Maduro, who won the internationally unrecognized 2018 presidential election, escalated on January 23, 2019, when Guaidó proclaimed himself the legitimate president of Venezuela. By comparatively analyzing the tweets of the two politicians three months before and after January 23, 2019, a corpus-based discourse analysis will be conducted to investigate whether and to what extent linguistic patterns (especially most frequent words and their co-occurrences, as well as n-grams) change within the respective social media communication of these political opponents. The analysis reveals changes in linguistic patterns, especially with respect to co-occurrences and n-grams, detected in the corpus data, and demonstrates that politicians use Twitter to present themselves, in the case of Guaidó, as the representative of the people wanting to lead Venezuela into a democratic future, and, in the case of Maduro, as the only legitimate president and defender of Venezuela against internal and external threats.</p>
The adaptive value of recombination in resolving intralocus sexual conflict by gene duplication.
<p>Datasets and code for the study titled "The adaptive value of recombination in resolving intralocus sexual conflict by gene duplication".</p>
Intralocus sexual conflict over optimal nutrient intake and the evolution of sex differences in lifespan and reproduction
<p>Despite widespread variation in lifespan across species, three clear patterns exist: sex differences in lifespan are ubiquitous, lifespan is commonly traded against reproduction, and nutrition has a major influence on these traits and how they trade-off. One process that potentially unites these patterns is Intralocus Sexual Conflict (IASC) over the optimal intake of nutrients for lifespan and reproduction. If nutrient intake has sex-specific effects on lifespan and reproduction and nutrient choice is genetically linked across the sexes, IASC will occur and may prevent one or both sexes from feeding to their nutritional optima. Here we determine whether this process is operating in the cricket <i>Gryllodes sigillatus</i>. We show that protein and carbohydrate intake have contrasting effects on lifespan and reproduction in the sexes and that there are strong positive intersexual genetic correlations for the intake of these nutrients under dietary choice. This divergence in nutrient effects, combined with the genetic architecture for nutrient choice is predicted to accelerate the evolutionary response of nutrient intake in males but constrain it in females, suggesting they are losing the conflict. Supporting this view, males and females were shown to regulate nutrient intake to a common ratio that was not perfectly optimal for lifespan or reproduction in either sex, especially in females. Our findings show that IASC over the optimal intake of nutrients is likely to be an important process generating sex differences in lifespan and reproduction and may help explain why females age faster and live shorter than males in <i>G. sigillatus</i>.</p>
American Policy Conflict in the Hothouse: Exploring the Politics of Climate Inaction and Polycentric Rebellion
<p>Supporting data to Figure 6 in the forthcoming publication "American Policy Conflict in the Hothouse: Exploring the Politics of Climate Inaction and Polycentric Rebellion" in Energy Research & Social Science (ERSS). Dataset provides insight into the components used to create Figure 6 and assess state-level policy contributions to carbon dioxide emission reductions (2002-2030).</p>
Data and Material for 'Interpersonal Conflicts During Code Review'
<p>Data and Material supporting the paper 'Interpersonal Conflicts During Code Review: Developers’ Experience and Practices'</p>
A predictive flight-altitude model for avoiding future conflicts between an emblematic raptor and wind energy development in the Swiss Alps
<p>Deployment of wind energy is proposed as a mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, wind energy and large birds, notably soaring raptors, both depend on suitable wind conditions. Conflicts in airspace use may thus arise between wind energy development and wildlife protection due to the risks of collisions of birds with the blades of wind turbines. Using locations of GPS-tagged bearded vultures, a rare scavenging raptor reintroduced into the Alps, we built a spatially-explicit model to predict potential areas of conflict with future wind turbines deployments in the Swiss Alps. We modelled the probability of bearded vultures flying within or below the rotor-swept zone of wind turbines as a function of wind and environmental conditions, including food supply (presence of wild ungulates). Flight activity at potential risk of collision was generally high, concentrating on south-exposed mountainsides, especially in areas where ibex carcasses have a high occurrence probability, with critical areas covering vast expanses throughout the Swiss Alps. Our model provides a spatially-explicit decision tool that will guide authorities and energy companies for planning the deployment of wind farms in a proactive manner to reduce risk to emblematic Alpine wildlife.</p>
Reducing risky interactions: Identifying barriers to the successful management of human-wildlife conflict in an urban parkland
<p>Managing activities that result in human-wildlife conflict is a challenging goal for modern scientists and managers. In recent years, the self-motivated feeding of wildlife by humans has garnered popularity but with consequent risks for the health and safety of both parties. This has resulted in calls for management in areas of high contact, e.g., parklands. Traditional controls are typically utilised (i.e., signage, patrols), yet their success is varied, leading to a rise in research aiming to improve them. This research has primarily focused on language and design, with little attention paid to the role that audience type (i.e., international tourists versus locals/residents) may play in their success. Proportions in audience type present can vary both between parks and spatially within a single park, however, controls are usually applied homogeneously with no consideration for how response may vary between these groups.</p> <p>Here, we performed a robust before-after study across two summers using a wild fallow deer population in a public park that are commonly fed by visitors as our model. We deployed controls, following best practices as outlined by the literature, and tested their overall effectiveness. We then identified key areas with differences in visitor type proportions and tested for variation in success between them.</p> <p>We found that the number of visitors feeding the deer significantly decreased overall after the introduction of controls, although interactions were not eliminated entirely. We discovered that the effectiveness of these controls varied with changes in visitor type, with the most positive effects occurring in areas with more international tourists and no significant effect occurring in areas dominated by resident visitors. Notably, of the food offerings remaining, the proportion of foods that could be perceived as 'nutritionally beneficial' increased in both sites, marking overall changes in the behaviours of even those visitors who refused to stop feeding.</p> <p>These findings highlight the importance of target audience research in human-wildlife conflict management. We recommend that authorities aiming to reduce these interactions perform systematic surveys to identify the audience type present and cater controls accordingly to maximise their success.</p>
Can fire-age mosaics really deal with conflicting needs of species? A study using population hotspots of multiple threatened birds
<p> Locations that support high densities of a species ("population hotspots") have a disproportionate influence on species' persistence. In fire-prone ecosystems, managers attempting to promote population hotspots of multiple species must understand how hotspot locations might shift with post-fire succession and how much overlap exists in the locations of population hotspots for multiple species. Mangers are then tasked with resolving fire-management conflicts in overlapping locations.</p> <p>We studied three co-occurring threatened bird species in a fire-prone 'mallee' region of south-eastern Australia. We undertook field surveys for each species (1508 surveys; 540 sites; 9-ha each). We used N-mixture models to determine (a) what factors affect species' density (including post-fire succession); (b) species' population sizes; (c) locations of species' current population hotspots and locations that may become population hotspots in the future as the post-fire successional state changes and (d) the degree of overlap in the current and possible future hotspots of species.</p> <p>We found substantial variation in the densities of the three species across the study area, with roughly half of each species' population occurring in only 20 percent of potential habitat (i.e. population hotspots). All species shared a preference for subtle depressions in the landscape, resulting in substantial overlap in their population hotspots. Two species had contrasting responses to post-fire succession in the subtle depressions. As a result, there was only a narrow post-fire period that supported population hotspots of both species, creating a challenge for fire managers in these shared locations.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications.</em> Many studies make vague recommendations for fire-age mosaics that do not provide managers with the detail they need to implement appropriate fire-age mosaics. By contrast, we explicitly quantify, then balance the conflicting post-fire needs of species in locations that support population hotspots of multiple species. Using this approach, we develop principles to guide the implementation of fire-age mosaics in such locations. This approach represents a step towards applying fire-age mosaic theory to support effective species conservation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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