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469 results for “Dimensions”
Animal personality drives individual dietary specialisation across multiple dimensions in a mammalian herbivore
<p>1. Animal personality influences how individuals perceive and react to different stimuli, such as food quality and predation risk, thereby shaping foraging behaviour. As a consequence, animal personality is predicted to influence the diet and dietary specialisation of individuals within a population, but animal personality and dietary specialisation have yet to be linked.</p> <p>2. Here, we tested whether individual diet and dietary specialisation are a function of animal personality, using an arboreal herbivore, the common brushtail possum, as a model species. We hypothesised that pro-active individuals have more diverse foraging opportunities than reactive individuals. We therefore predicted that pro-active animals (more exploratory, bold and more active) would be less specialised, with a broader and higher-quality diet than their reactive counterparts. We quantified the personality traits and dietary niche using proportional similarity index and specialisation categories of possums (n = 30) in a population flanking native eucalypt woodland and residential gardens in suburban Sydney, Australia.</p> <p>3. We found that personality traits were related to the breadth and quality of the realised diets of individual possums. As predicted, proactive individuals had a broad, high-quality diet with less individual dietary specialisation than reactive individuals. Highly exploratory individuals had a more diverse diet than less exploratory individuals, and bold individuals were more likely than shy individuals to consume plants on the ground.</p> <p>4. Our study demonstrates an important link between animal personality and individual dietary specialisation. The finding that the personality of individuals is associated with different diet choices within the same landscape is fundamentally significant. First, personality as a driver of niche partitioning likely reduces within-species competition and hence could contribute to adaptive capacity. Second, the strength of ecological processes arising from interactions (e.g. predator-prey and plant-herbivore interactions) could differ among individuals according to their personality traits.</p> <p>5. Our findings are also relevant for effectively managing both threatened native, and invasive species. Management strategies will be improved by incorporating knowledge of individual traits and their ecological consequences, plus the ecological context of food- and fear-scapes.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Like A Glove: Do The Dimensions Of Male Adanal Suckers And Tritonymphal Female Docking Papillae Correlate In The Proctophyllodidae (Astigmata: Analgoidea)?
FIGURE 4: Size distributions of Proctophyllodes troncatus adult females, adult males and nymphs with and without docking papillae. Body size was measured as the length of the idiosoma (µm) from the anterior margin of the prodorsum to the posterior region of the body excluding the terminal hyaline appendages in adult females and the opisthosomal lamellae in males. Nymphs were catego- rized as having docking papillae or lacking docking papillae. Adult females were significantly larger than adult males as indicated by an unpaired t-test (t38 = 22.6, P <0.001). Similarly, nymphs with docking papillae were larger on average than were those without docking papillae (t194 = 20.6, P <0.001).
FIGURE 3 in Like A Glove: Do The Dimensions Of Male Adanal Suckers And Tritonymphal Female Docking Papillae Correlate In The Proctophyllodidae (Astigmata: Analgoidea)?
FIGURE 3: Correlations in morphology between adult male and tritonymphal female Neodectes spp., Proctophyllodes spp., and Proterothrix spp. feather mites (Astigmata: Proctophyllodidae). Correlations are illustrated between widths (A-B) and lengths (C-D) of the male adanal suckers and the female docking papillae. R2 values indicate how well variation in one variable is predicted by that of the other variable.
FIGURE 2 in Like A Glove: Do The Dimensions Of Male Adanal Suckers And Tritonymphal Female Docking Papillae Correlate In The Proctophyllodidae (Astigmata: Analgoidea)?
FIGURE 2: Correlation between adult male and tritonymphal female body length (µm) in Neodectes spp., Proctophyllodes spp., and Proterothrix spp. (Astigmata: Proctophyllodidae). Length of the idiosoma was measured from the anterior margin of the prodorsum to the posterior region of the body excluding the opisthosomal lamellae in males. Body size was positively correlated between the sexes (rs = 0.66, n = 32, P <0.01) whereby larger tritonymphal females were paired with larger conspecific males.
FIGURE 1 in Like A Glove: Do The Dimensions Of Male Adanal Suckers And Tritonymphal Female Docking Papillae Correlate In The Proctophyllodidae (Astigmata: Analgoidea)?
FIGURE 1: Length of the idiosoma in Proctophyllodes spp. in A. female tritonymphs, B. adult females and C. adult males. Measurements (dashed line) were taken from the margin of the prodorsum to the posterior margin of the body. In female tritonymphs we measured the lateral length (A), medial length (B), and width (C) of the docking papillae. In adult males (D; ventral), we measured the distal (D) and basal (E) widths of the adanal suckers as well as sucker depth (F). Line drawings are modeled after Proctophyllodes glandarinus for adults and from Proctophyllodes pari for tritonymphs (Atyeo and Braasch, 1996). Diagrams of the docking papillae and adanal suckers are drawn after scanning electron images published in Witali´nski et al. (1992).
Adding the third dimension to studies of parallel evolution of morphology and function: an exploration based on parapatric lake-stream stickleback
Recent methodological advances have led to a rapid expansion of evolutionary studies employing three-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM). GM methods generally enable researchers to capture and compare complex shape phenotypes, and to quantify their relationship to environmental gradients. However, some recent studies have shown that the common, inexpensive, and relatively rapid two-dimensional GM methods can distort important information and produce misleading results because they cannot capture variation in the depth (Z) dimension. We use micro-CT scanned threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758) from six parapatric lake-stream populations on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to test whether the loss of the depth dimension in 2D GM studies results in misleading interpretations of parallel evolution. Using joint locations described with 2D or 3D landmarks, we compare results from separate 2D and 3D shape spaces, from a combined 2D-3D shape space, and from estimates of biomechanical function. We show that, although shape is distorted enough in 2D projections to strongly influence the interpretation of morphological parallelism, estimates of biomechanical function are relatively robust to the loss of the Z dimension.
Tracing pathways from high-resolution tractography, transcription, and temporal dimensions
<p>The neural circuits supporting human cognition are topics of enduring interest. The lack of tools available to map circuits has precluded our ability to trace the evolution of the human connectome. We harnessed high-resolution connectomic, anatomic, and transcriptomic data to develop enhanced tools to test for modifications in developmental programs across species. We found corresponding ages across species and transcriptionally define neurons with stereotypical projections in humans and macaques. We used these data to test for modifications in frontal cortex circuit. Frontal cortex circuitry development is extended in primates, which is concomitant with an expansion in cortico-cortical pathways compared with mice in adulthood. These parameters varied little across humans and macaques. We identify a collection of conserved features in frontal cortex circuits in studied primates. We demonstrate that the integration of transcriptional and connectomic data across temporal dimensions is a robust approach to trace the evolution of connections in primates. This dataset contains scripts as well as diffusion MR scans of mouse brains.</p>
raw and processed X-ray scattering datasets for: "Entering a New Dimension in Powder Processing for Advanced Ceramics Shaping"
<p>This dataset is a complete set of raw, processed and analyzed data, associated with the manuscript mentioned in the title. </p> <p>Data is stored in HDF5 containers following the NeXus structure definitions. Data is in absolute units, and with traceable scattering and intensity values following our "MOUSE" methodology, described in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/06/P06034">10.1088/1748-0221/16/06/P06034</a> Data on the samples as well as backgrounds have been included as well as the processing sequence and -values. Data has been processed using the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717004708">DAWN software package</a>. </p> <p>All associated metadata and processing history has been added. Particle size distribution analyses using McSAS are included as well. </p> <p>The samples consisted of a 4.2 mass% dispersion of yttria-stabilized zirconia nanoparticles in a cross-linked matrix. The measurements show a good dispersion with minimal agglomeration. The wide-angle region shows diffraction information consistent with zirconia. </p>
Text-fig. 3. Conch dimensions used in the systematic descriptions (after Korn 2017). in Late Bashkirian Ammonoids From The Mospyne Formation Of The Donets Basin, Ukraine
Text-fig. 3. Conch dimensions used in the systematic descriptions (after Korn 2017).
Nulliparous women's bony pelvis anatomical landmarks and dimensions
<p>This repository directory contains source data in file <strong>landmarks.zip</strong> related to anatomical landmarks on bony pelvis identified independently by 2 observers from MRI (folders <strong>Observer_1</strong> and <strong>Observer_2</strong>). After unzipping, a folder structure appears. Each folder contains FCSV datasets for 67 nulliparous women in the structure <strong>N</strong>, <strong>X</strong>, <strong>Z</strong>, <strong>Y</strong> line by by line, where <strong>N</strong> is the landmark number and <strong>(X, Y, Z)</strong> are the spacial coordinates. Folder <strong>Figures </strong>contains figures displaying correlations between chosen internal and external body pelvis dimensions.</p> <p>MATLAB function <strong>readData.m</strong> reads the landmark using functions <strong>getLandmarks.m</strong> (contains also description of all landmarks) and calculating internal and external bony pelvis dimensions using and <strong>calculateDimensions.m</strong> (contains also description of all dimensions). Switching between 2 observers on line 5, the function also saves thedata into binary files <strong>Ob</strong><strong>se</strong><strong>rver_1.mat</strong> and <strong>Ob</strong><strong>se</strong><strong>rver_2.mat </strong>to be analyzed:</p> <p>MATLAB function <strong>ICC.m</strong> calculates the Intercall Correlation Coefficient using function <strong>functionICC.m</strong> and also saves the data averaged between both observers to file <strong>Observers.mat</strong> to be processed further:</p> <p>MATLAB <strong>function correlations.m</strong> calculates the correlations among chosen external and internal bony pelvis dimensions using functions<strong> functionCorrelation.m</strong> and <strong>functionInletType.m</strong>.</p> <p>The output is plotted and save to folder <strong>Figures</strong>.</p> <p> </p>
The role of sexual isolation during rapid ecological divergence: evidence for a new dimension of isolation in Rhagoletis pomonella
<p>The pace of divergence and likelihood of complete speciation may depend on how and when different types of reproductive barriers evolve. Questions remain about the evolution of reproductive barriers after initial divergence. We tested for the presence of sexual isolation (reduced mating between populations due to divergent mating preferences and traits) in <em>Rhagoletis</em> <em>pomonella</em> flies, a model system for incipient ecological speciation. We measured the strength of sexual isolation between two very recently diverged (~170 generations) sympatric populations, adapted to different host fruits (hawthorn and apple). We found that flies from both populations were more likely to mate within than between populations. Thus, sexual isolation may play an important role in reducing gene flow allowed by early-acting ecological barriers. We also tested how warmer temperatures predicted under climate change could alter sexual isolation and found that sexual isolation was markedly asymmetric under warmer temperatures – apple males and hawthorn females mated randomly while apple females and hawthorn males mated within population than between. Our findings provide a window into the early divergence process and the role of sexual isolation after initial ecological divergence, in addition to examining how environmental conditions could shape the likelihood of further divergence.</p>
Dataset: Long Range Electron Transport Rates Depend on Wire Dimensions in Cytochrome Nanowires
<p>The ability to redirect electron transport to new reactions in living systems opens possibilities to store energy, generate new products, or probe physiological processes. Recent work by Huang et al. showed that 3D crystals of small tetraheme cytochromes (STC) could transport electrons over nanoscopic to mesoscopic distances by an electron hopping mechanism. Such protein-based structures with multiple localized electron carriers are promising materials for nanowires. A potential barrier to protein nanowire adoption for handling long-range electron transport is that fluctuations at room temperature may distort the nanostructure, hindering efficient electron transport. To study these fluctuations at the nano- and mesoscopic scales, we carry out classical molecular dynamics simulations for a small fragment of a STC nanowire and measure the effective distance distribution for electron tunneling. From distance distributions, we develop a graph network representation for electron transport along nanowires with varying dimensions, and through stochastic methods determine the maximum electron flow that can be driven through these STC wires. Longer nanowires were capable of carrying less electron flow than shorter nanowires with the same diameter, as long electron transfer distances that occasionally arise reduce the efficiency for electron transport.<br> Thicker nanowires permit more alternative transport pathways, increasing electron transport beyond the increase in cross-section. Thus, this model implies that the design of protein-based nanowires that depend on electron hopping between charge carriers must consider control of the inherent protein flexibility, as more flexible protein-protein interfaces impose a limit on the required minimum diameter to carry currents commensurate with conventional electronics.</p>
Multiple dimensions of biodiversity mediate effects of temperature on invertebrate herbivory in a montane grassland
<p><span>Invertebrate herbivores are important and diverse, and their abundance and impacts will likely shift under climate change. Yet, past studies of invertebrate herbivory have documented highly variable responses to changing temperature, making it challenging to predict the direction and magnitude of these shifts. One explanation for these responses is that changing environmental conditions drive concurrent changes in plant communities and herbivore traits. The impacts of changing temperature on herbivory might therefore depend on how temperature combines and interacts with characteristics of plant and herbivore communities. To test this, we surveyed damage to leaves by invertebrate herbivores on </span><span>4400 plant individuals in 220 sampling plots along a 1101-meter elevational gradient. Increasing temperature drove community-level herbivory via at least three overlapping mechanisms: increasing temperature directly reduced herbivory, indirectly affected herbivory by reducing plant-community phylogenetic diversity, and indirectly affected herbivory by altering the effects of plant-community functional and phylogenetic diversity on herbivory. Consequently, increasing plant functional diversity reduced herbivory in colder environments while increasing plant phylogenetic diversity increased herbivory in warmer environments. Moreover, different herbivore feeding guilds varied in their response to temperature and plant community composition. These results indicate that, even along a single elevation gradient in a single year, a variety of mechanisms can concurrently drive herbivory, thereby supporting the hypothesis that a universal response of herbivory to changing environmental conditions is unlikely to exist. Instead, our results highlight the importance of considering both plant and herbivore community context to predict how climate change will alter invertebrate herbivory.</span></p>
Dataset for E. Grohs et al., Neutrino fast flavor instability in three dimensions for a neutron star merger, Physics Letters B, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138210
<p>.tgz file with hdf5 files for simulation data of a neutron star merger with neutrino flavor transformation. .h5 files are same information in plots 2 and 4 of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138210</p>
Probing the Role of Feature Dimension Maps in Visual Cognition: Impact of Salience Level (Eye-tracking Follow-up Study)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06852534. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 14.
Treatment for Affect Dimensions
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03439748. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Pharyngeal Airway and Facial Dimension Changes in Skeletal Class II Patients Treated With Twin Block Versus Myobrace Appliances
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06976749. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Measuring social dimensions of sustainability at the community level: An illustrative but cautionary tale
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Shade-growing practices lessen the impact of coffee plantations on multiple dimensions of ant diversity
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Nitrogen enrichment alters multiple dimensions of grassland functional stability via changing compositional stability
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.