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Fig. 5 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 5 Schematic representation of auto- and zeugopodium development in Oreobates barituensis. a Forelimb. b Hind limb. The adult configuration is shown at the left, and drawings at the right show the sequential ossification (black segments) of elements. Abbreviations: fi, fibulare; mc, metacarpalia; mt, metatarsalia; p, phalanges; ph, prehallux; pp, prepollex; r, radius; ra, radiale; ti, tibiale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; Y, element Y; 1–5, distal carpalia and tarsalia; I–V, fingers and toes

Fig. 7 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 7 Cranial skeleton of Haddadus binotatus at TS15. a Skull in dorsal and ventral views. b Detail of the rostral region, frontal view. c Detail of the suspensorium region, showing ossifications in lateral view. Abbreviations: as, angulosplenial; d, dentary; m, maxilla; mm, mentomeckelian; mt, maxillary teeth; n, nasal; oc, otic capsule; pm, premaxilla; qj, quadratojugal; sm, septomaxilla; sq, squamosal. Scale bars = 1 mm

Fig. 10 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 10 Skeletal morphology of Ischnocnema henselii at TS11–12. a Skull dorsal and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. Inset: detail of the palatoquadrate cartilage, showing a primordium of the squamosal. c Vertebral column, dorsal view. d Pectoral girdle, ventral view. e Pelvic girdle, lateral view. f Forelimb, dorsal view. g Hind limb,

Fig. 3 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 3 Cranial skeleton of Oreobates barituensis at TS15. a Skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. b Hyobranchial apparatus, ventral view. c Detail of the rostral region, dorsal view. d Detail of the caudal portion of the pterygoid process, dorsal view. Skull ossifications present

Fig. 11 in Skeleton in the closet: hidden diversity in patterns of cranial and postcranial ontogeny in Neotropical direct-developing frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Fig. 11 Cranial skeleton of Ischnocnema henselii at hatching. Dorsal, ventral, lateral, and frontal views. Abbreviations: as, angulosplenial; d, dentary; eo, exoccipital; fp, frontoparietal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; np, neopalatine; pm, premaxilla; po, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sm, septomaxilla; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bar = 1 mm

FIGURES 138 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 138. Body size distributions for species within two genera, Craugastor and Eleutherodactylus.

FIGURE 136 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 136. Proportion of species in each family of Terrarana, by geographic region. The area of each circle also is proportional to the total number of species in region. Data from Table 1.

FIGURE 137 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 137. Proportion of species in each genus of Terrarana, by geographic region. Data from Table 1.

FIGURES 132–135. 132 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 132–135. 132. Strabomantis biporcatus of the S. biporcatus Species Group, S. biporcatus Species Series, from Estación Biológica Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 133. Strabomantis sulcatus of the S. cornutus Species Group, S. biporcatus Species Series, from Puerto Libre, Sucumbíos, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 134. Strabomantis anomalus of the S. bufoniformis Species Series, from Estación Biológica Río Palenque, Los Rios, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 135. Strabomantis bufoniformis of the S. bufoniformis Species Series, from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama. Photo by W. E. Duellman.

FIGURES 128–131. 128 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 128–131. 128. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) aniptopalmatus of the P. peruvianus Species Group, from 2.9 km N, 5.5 km E Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 129. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) duellmani of the Pristimantis surdus Species Group from 5 km E Chiriboga, Pichincha, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 130. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) diadematus of the Pristimantis unistrigatus Species Group from Quebada Vásquez, Loreto, Peru. Photo by W. W. Lamar. 131. Pristimantis (Yunganastes) pluvicanorus from La Yunga de Mairana, Departamento Santa Cruz, Bolivia; photo by J. Köhler.

FIGURES 124–127. 124 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 124–127. 124. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) uranobates of the Pristimantis leptlopus Group from Hotel Termales del Ruis, Caldas, Colombia. Photo by J. D. Lynch. 125. Pristimantis (Pistimantis) hybotragus of the Pristimantis loustes Species Group from Río Anchicayá, 8 km W Danubio, Valle, Colombia. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 126. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) myersi of the Pristimantis myersi Species Group from 23 km E Puracé, Cauca, Colombia. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 127. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) melanogaster of the Pristimantis orestes Species Group from Abra Barro Negro, Amazonas, Peru. Photo by W. E. Duellman.

FIGURE 116–119. 116 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 116–119. 116. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) bellona of the Pristimantis bellona Group from the Parque Nacional Las Orquidéas, Antioquia, Colombia. Photo by J. D. Lynch. 117. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) chalceus of the Pristimantis chalceus Species Group from 4 km E Dos Rios, Pichincha, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 118. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) bipunctatus of the P. conspicillatus Species Group, from 0.7 km S, 4.5 km E Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 119. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) buckleyi of the Pristimantis curtipes Species Group from 13 km W Santiago, Putumayo, Colombia. Photo by W. E. Duellman.

FIGURE 115 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 115. Distribution of the Subgenus Pristimantis, Genus Pristimantis, Subfamily Strabomantinae, Family Strabomantidae.

FIGURE 112 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 112. Distribution of the subgenera Hypodictyon and Yunganastes, Genus Pristimantis, Subfamily Strabomantinae, Family Strabomantidae.

FIGURES 113–114. 113 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 113–114. 113. Pristimantis (Hypodictyon) cruentus of the P. ridens Species Series, from Lafuna Monte Alegre, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 114. Pristimantis (Hypodictyon) rubicundus of the P. rubicundus Species Series, from Cordillera del Dué, Napo, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman.

FIGURES 120–123. 120 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 120–123. 120. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) devillei of the Pristimantis devillei Species Group from 11 km E Papallacta, Napo, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 121. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) taeniatus of the Pristimantis frater Group from Cerro Quia, Darién, Panama. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 122. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) galdi of the Pristimantis galdi Species Group from Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Cajamarca, Peru. Photo by Y. Hooker. 123. Pristimantis (Pristimantis) bromeliaceus of the Pristimantis lacrimosus Species Group from 2.9 km N, 5.5 km E Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Photo by S. B. Hedges.

FIGURES 108–111. 108. Niceforonia nana from 22 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 108–111. 108. Niceforonia nana from 22 km SW Susacón, Boyacá, Colombia. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 109. Orebates discoidalis from Km 26, Tafí del Valle, Tucumán, Argentina. Photo by D. C. Cannatella. 110. Oreobates quixensis from Santa Cecilia, Sucumbíos, Ecuador. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 111. Phrynopus bracki from 2.9 km N, 5.5 km E Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Photo by S. B. Hedges.

FIGURES 104–107. 104. Atopophrynus syntomopus from 8 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURES 104–107. 104. Atopophrynus syntomopus from 8 km E Sonsón, Antioquia, Colombia. Photo by J. D. Lynch. 105. Geobatrachus walkeri from west slope of Cerro Kennedy, Magdalena, Colombia. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 106. Isodactylus dolops from 10.3 km E El Pepino, Putumayo, Colombia. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 107. Lynchius parkeri from the Cordillera de Huancabamba, Piura, Peru. Photo by T. H. Fritts.

FIGURE 103 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 103. Distribution of the genera Dischidodactylus, Pristimantis, and Strabomantis, Subfamily Strabomantinae, Family Strabomantidae. The distribution of Pristimantis completely encompasses that of Strabomantis.

FIGURE 102 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation

FIGURE 102. Distribution of the genera Geobatrachus, Niceforonia, Oreobates, and Phrynopus, Subfamily Strabomantinae, Family Strabomantidae. The distribution of Oreobates completely encompasses that of Phrynopus in southern Peru.