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176 results for “Diversification pattern”

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zenodo32/100

Fig. 2 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).

Fig. 2. Geographic range evolution in the genus Pteronotus. (a) Current distribution of genus Pteronotus (coloured map) with biogeographical areas scored for species presence/absence matrix. ME = Mexico; CA = Central America; CC = Caribean Coast of South America; LA = Lesser Antilles; AM = Amazon; CE = Brazilian Dry Diagonal: Cerrado and Caatinga; AF = Northern Atlantic Forest; JC = Jamaica and Cuba; HI = Hispaniola; PR = Puerto Rico. (b) Geographic range estimates with the highest marginal probabilities for Pteronotus ancestral nodes according to DIVAj model. Dashed-line borders indicate area combinations with probabilities smaller than 10% in the model, but still being the most probable state in that node among the 638 possible combinations. Curved arrows represent splits in the ancestral geographic ranges explained by vicariance; many of them were succeeded by anagenetic dispersal/extinction events, as highlighted by the linear black arrows; Dotted-line straight arrows highlight shifts in nodes geographic ranges due to dispersal jumps.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2017View details →

zenodo32/100

Fig. 1 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).

Fig. 1. Maximum clade credibity tree with divergence estimates in the genus Pteronotus using fossil calibration. Bars correspond to the 95% High Posterior Density (HPD) time interval of each node. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) of all nodes were higher than 0.95.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2017View details →

zenodo32/100

Figure 4. Clade 3 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)

Figure 4. Clade 3 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms of divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 17 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0034), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. Nodes 3:3, 3:4, 3:5, 3:9, 3:11, 3:12, 3:13, and 3:14 are not supported by maximum-likelihood bootstrap values of ≥ 70%.

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

zenodo32/100

Figure 2. Clade 1 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)

Figure 2. Clade 1 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms representing divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 16 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0034), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant orders and families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. Only node 1:15 is not supported by a maximumlikelihood bootstrap value of ≥ 70%.

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

zenodo32/100

Figure 1 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)

Figure 1. Morphology of the species Ophiognomonia alni-viridis. From the top, left to right: perithecia on an overwintered leaf of Alnus sinuata; single perithecium extracted from host tissue; single ascospore; and single ascus.

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

zenodo32/100

Figure 3. Clade 2 in Host conservatism or host specialization? Patterns of fungal diversification are influenced by host plant specificity in Ophiognomonia (Gnomoniaceae: Diaporthales)

Figure 3. Clade 2 of the genus Ophiognomonia. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) results. Divergence indices of four host plant variables: host plant order, family, genus, and species. Histograms of divergence indices (0–1) for each variable are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood tree from the GARLI analysis for 14 species of Ophiognomonia. After applying a Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 0.0039), the statistically significant divergence indices are indicated by asterisks at each node (*). Nodes are labelled as clade #:node #. The host plant orders and families are represented as shaded boxes. The complete host–fungus associations are listed in Table 1. Patterns of host conservatism, specialization, or switching are indicated by bold arrows. All branches are supported by maximum-likelihood values ≥ 70%.

opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

dryad32/100

Phylogeography and population genetic structure of the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) in the Orinoco basin and Negro River (Amazon basin): evaluating connectivity and historical patterns of diversification

The Neotropics contain one of the most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes worldwide. Part of this diversity is shared between the Orinoco and Amazon basins. These basins have been separated for a long time due to the Vaupes Arch, rising between 10 - 11 Ma. Today, there is only one permanent connection between the Orinoco and Negro (Amazon) basins, known as the Casiquiare Canal. However, alternative corridors allowing fish dispersion between both basins have been proposed. The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), the most important fish in the ornamental world market, is distributed in both basins. Here we investigated P. axelrodi phylogeography, population structure, and potential routes of migration and connectivity between the two basins. A total of 468 bp of the mitochondrial gene (COI), 555 bp of the nuclear gene fragment (MYH6), and 8 microsatellite loci were analyzed. As a result, we found two major genetic clusters as the most likely scenario (K=2), but they were not discreetly distributed between basins. A gradient of genetic admixture was observed in Cucui and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, between the upper Negro River and the upper Orinoco. Samples from the middle-lower Negro River were highly structured. Cucui (Negro basin) was more similar to the Orinoco than to the rest of the Negro basin populations. However, substructure was also observed by the discriminant analysis, fixation indices and other hierarchichal structure analyses (K=3-6), showing three major geographic clusters: Orinoco, Cucui, and the remaining of the Negro basin. Unidirectional migration patterns were detected between basins: via Cucui toward Orinoco and via the remaining of the Negro basin toward Orinoco. Results from the Relaxed Random Walk analysis support a very recent origin of this species in the headwater Orinoco basin (Western Guiana Shield, at late Pleistocene) with a later rapid colonization of the remaining Orinoco basin and almost simultaneously the Negro River via Cucui, between 0.115 until about 0.001 Ma. Historical biogeography and population genetic patterns observed here for Cardinal tetra, seem to be better explained by river capture, physical, or ecological barriers than due to the geographic distance.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad32/100