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Fig. 7 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 7. Pelvic girdles in acetabular (left column) and dorsal (right column) views of representative pseudine species compared to that of Xenohyla. The pelvis of Pseudis minuta has been drawn from a dry specimen. Skeletal data from CT-scans available at Morphosource. Scale bars equal 1 mm. Anatomical abbreviations in section 2.2.5.

Fig. 6 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 6. Pectoral girdles and forelimb bones of representative pseudine species compared to that of Xenohyla. Humerus in ventral view, radio-ulna in medial view, manus in plantar view, and close-up of finger in medial view. Skeletal data from CT-scans available at Morphosource. Scale bars equal 1 mm. Anatomical abbreviations in section 2.2.4.

Fig. 3 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 3. Skulls of representative pseudine species in dorsal (left column), lateral (central column), and ventral (right column) views. Skeletal data from CT-scans available at Morphosource. Scale bars equal 1 mm. Anatomical abbreviations in section 2.2.1.

Fig. 10 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 10. Evolutionary trends of digit morphology in pseudines. Schematic drawings of the distal part of finger IV (terminal phalanx, intercalary element, and penultimate phalanx) depict different character state combinations in pseudines and other hylids. See section 2.4 for methodological details.

Fig. 9 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 9. Phylogenetic signal and homoplasy in the skeleton of pseudines and other hylids. Potential synapomorphies and autapomorphies are depicted as circles (if unambiguous) or squares (if ambiguous) on the scaffold tree, with color indicating the skeletal partition. Those unique within Hylidae are bordered in dark grey. A character distribution map indicates partition contribution to the whole data matrix. The homoplasy of each character is indicated by the homoplasy index (bottom left). See section 2.4 for methodological details.

Fig. 2 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 2. Skeleton (in dorsal view) of Pseudis platensis compared to that of a tree-dwelling hylid. Skeletal data from CT-scans available at Morphosource.

Fig. 5 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 5. Vertebral columns (in dorsal view) of representative pseudine species compared to that of Xenohyla. Close-ups are of the atlas-presacral II joint (in dorsal view) and the urostyle (in ventral view) of Pseudis platensis. Skeletal data from CT-scans available at Morphosource. Scale bars equal 1 mm. Anatomical abbreviations in section 2.2.3.

Fig. 1 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution map and phylogeny of paradoxical frogs (Pseudae). Species ranges are from Garda & Cannatella (2007) and timetree is from Duellman et al. (2016). The drawing (by ROG) is of an adult of Pseudis minuta. Abbreviations: L.bol, Lysapsus bolivianus; L.car, L. caraya; L.lae, L. laevis; L.lim, L. limellum; Ps.bol, Pseudis bolbodactyla; Ps.car, Ps. cardosoi; Ps.fus, Ps. fusca; Ps.min, Ps. minuta; Ps.par, Ps. paradoxa; Ps. pla, Ps. platensis; Ps.toc, Ps. tocantins; spp, species.

Fig. 4 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 4. Hyolaryngeal complex (in ventral view) of Pseudis minuta (male; FCEN 19848). Red denotes bone and blue denotes cartilage. Scale bar equals 1 mm. Anatomical abbreviations in section 2.2.2.

Fig. 12 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 12. Uniqueness of paradoxical frogs and convergence with aquatic taxa. Heatmap of 38 homoplastic characters showing clustering of Pseudae species with pipids and other aquatic frogs (phenogram on the left) and their distinctiveness amongst hylids (phylogenetic tree on the bottom). See section 2.4 for methodological details. Abbreviations: GD, Gower distance.

Fig. 11 in Comparative osteology of paradoxical frogs (Hylidae: Pseudae) with comments on diagnostic features, evolutionary trends and potential aquatic adaptations

Fig. 11. Evolutionary trends of selected characters of skull, pelvis, and limbs in pseudines and convergence with pipids. Optimization of 12 binary and multistate characters is depicted on the scaffold tree including all outgroup taxa, with color indicating the respective character state. Schematic drawings of skeletons depict different character state combinations in exemplar species (in bold) and the convergence of Pseudis and pipids. See section 2.4 for methodological details.

FIGURE 42. Live individuals. A in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 42. Live individuals. A. Dissonulichen (Dissonulichen) simplicipes. B. Lichenomorphus sp. C. Dysonia cf. holgeri. D. L. montealegrezi. E. L. berenzini. F. L. carlosmendezi. G. Dysonia sp. H. Q. sharovi. (Photos: A, B and E. J. Monzón. C. L. Huamán. F. M. Martins. H. A. Anker).

FIGURE 40. Character optimization. A. Character 74 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 40. Character optimization. A. Character 74. Balancing of the body in a stealthy, slow gait. B. Character 75. Backand-forth rocking of the body (wind mimicry). C. Character 76. Immature stages camouflaged among Cladia and Cladonia lichens.

FIGURE 44. Live individuals. A–B. Hammatofera nodicornis. C in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 44. Live individuals. A–B. Hammatofera nodicornis. C. Dissonulichen (Dissonulichospinus) diffusus. D. Machimoides cf. peru. E. Machima cf. scalprum. F. Yungasacris peruviensis. G. Quiva (Paraquiva) angieae. (Photos: A, B, D. E. Branco. C. J. Chamorro. D. Chan To. F. R. Hoyer. G. accerfoundation).

FIGURE 34. Lichenomorphus species. Cerci and subgenital plates. A, D, E. L in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 34. Lichenomorphus species. Cerci and subgenital plates. A, D, E. L. montealegrezi. Habitus in lateral view, cerci and subgenital plates. B–C. L. oscari. F–G. L. berezini. H–I. L. ocraceithorax. J–K. L. fuscifrons. (Figs. H–K. after Costa-Lima & Guitton, 1961).

FIGURE 37. Character optimization 70 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 37. Character optimization 70: Lichenomorphic camouflage (L:2, ci: 50, ri: 80). A. Unambiguous assumptions. B. Fast, and C. Slow.

FIGURE 31 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 31. Anaphidna species. Cerci in lateral view and subgenital plates. A–B. A. peruana. C–D. A. svetlanae. C–D. A. rubricorpus. G–H. A. rhinoceros. I–J. A. mexicana. K–L. A. obrieni.

FIGURE 30 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 30. Anaphidna species. Cerci in lateral view and subgenital plates. A–B. A. hernandezi. C–D. A. osae osae. E–F. A. tarsalis. G–H. A. fasciata I–J. A. bezverkhovi. K–L. A. polestshuki.

FIGURE 26. Dissonulichen s.s. species. A, D–E. D in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 26. Dissonulichen s.s. species. A, D–E. D. (D) simplicipes s.s. B–C. D. (D) hebardi. F–G. D. (D) minensis. H–I. D. (D) satipo. A. Male habitus in lateral view. B, D, F, H. Cerci. C, E, G, I. Subgenital plates. (Figs. B–E. after Costa-Lima & Guitton, 1960; H–I. after Gorochov, 2012).

FIGURE 27. Paraphidnia species. A–B. P. brevicristata. C–D. P. gallina. E–G. P. tunki. A, C, F in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines

FIGURE 27. Paraphidnia species. A–B. P. brevicristata. C–D. P. gallina. E–G. P. tunki. A, C, F. Head and pronotum in lateral view. B, D, G. Cerci in dorsal view. E. Habitus in lateral view.