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Рис. 8. Фрагменты раковин пресноводных моллюсков иЗ раскопов поселениЯ Константиновка-1: А, B – створка жемчужницы иЗ раскопа 1, вид снаружи и иЗнутри; C–E – створки жемчужниц Dahurinaia dahurica иЗ раскопа 2; F, G – фрагмент раковины гастроподы иЗ раскопа 2, вид с раЗных ракурсов. Масштабные линейки 2 см. Fig. 8. Fragments of freshwater mollusk shells from the Konstantinovka-1 site excavations: A, B – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 1, the inner and outer views; C–E – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 2; F, G – fragment of a gastropod shell from excavation 2, view from different angles. Scale bars 2 cm. in Mollusks from the archaeological site Konstantinovka-1 in Primorye (Russian Far East)
Рис. 8. Фрагменты раковин пресноводных моллюсков иЗ раскопов поселениЯ Константиновка-1: А, B – створка жемчужницы иЗ раскопа 1, вид снаружи и иЗнутри; C–E – створки жемчужниц Dahurinaia dahurica иЗ раскопа 2; F, G – фрагмент раковины гастроподы иЗ раскопа 2, вид с раЗных ракурсов. Масштабные линейки 2 см. Fig. 8. Fragments of freshwater mollusk shells from the Konstantinovka-1 site excavations: A, B – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 1, the inner and outer views; C–E – pearl mussel Dahurinaia dahurica from excavation 2; F, G – fragment of a gastropod shell from excavation 2, view from different angles. Scale bars 2 cm.
Рис. 6. Характер фрагментации створок мидии Грея (Crenomytilus grayanus) иЗ раскопа 1. Fig. 6. Fragmentation patterns of valves of the giant mussel ((Crenomytilus grayanus) from excavation 1. in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 6. Характер фрагментации створок мидии Грея (Crenomytilus grayanus) иЗ раскопа 1. Fig. 6. Fragmentation patterns of valves of the giant mussel ((Crenomytilus grayanus) from excavation 1.
Рис. 5. Характер повреЖдений створок анадары Броутона (Anadara broughtonii) иЗ раскопа 1. Fig. 5. Fragmentation patterns of valves of the Broughton's blood cockle (Anadara broughtonii) from excavation 1. in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 5. Характер повреЖдений створок анадары Броутона (Anadara broughtonii) иЗ раскопа 1. Fig. 5. Fragmentation patterns of valves of the Broughton's blood cockle (Anadara broughtonii) from excavation 1.
Рис. 6. Ювенильные раковины Laternula elliptica: А1, А3 – левые створки, внешний вид, H×L=3.0×4.4 мм; А2 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ на сдвоенные створки, обраЗуюЩие по Заднему краю ЗиЯние; А4 – Замок, соединЯюЩий фрагменты раЗрушенных створок (штриховка); Б1 – праваЯ створка, внешний вид, H×L=8.5×14.0 мм; Б2 – внутреннЯЯ поверхность правой створки. Фрагменты раковины вЗрослого моллюска (L=69.7 мм): В1 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ; В2 – фрагмент правой створки, вид сбоку. ОбоЗначениЯ: ЗК – Задний край; дК – дорсальный край; сКп – складки периостракума; м – макушка; мщ – макушечнаЯ Щель; пр – продиссоконх; хр – хондрофор; ппЛ – поддерживаюЩаЯ пластинка; дпЛ – дополнительнаЯ пластинка; син – синус. Fig. 6. Juvenile shells of Laternula elliptica: A1, A3 – left valves, external view, H×L=3.0×4.4 mm; A2 – paired valves, dorsal view, showing gape through which the siphon project; A4 – hinge with chondrophore and buttress, internal view; Б1– right valve, external view, H×L=8.5×14.0 mm; Б2 – right valve, internal view. Adult shell (L=69.7 мм): B1 – fragment of right valve, dorsal view; B2 – fragment of right valve, lateral view on umbo. Notes: ЗК – posterior margin; дК – dorsal margin; сКп – periostracal wrinkles; м – umbo; мщ – umbonal crack; пр – prodissoconch; хр – chondrophore; ппЛ – buttress; дпЛ – additional supporting plate; син – sinus. in Species of warm-water origin Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Laternulidae), a widespread mollusk in recent Antarctica
Рис. 6. Ювенильные раковины Laternula elliptica: А1, А3 – левые створки, внешний вид, H×L=3.0×4.4 мм; А2 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ на сдвоенные створки, обраЗуюЩие по Заднему краю ЗиЯние; А4 – Замок, соединЯюЩий фрагменты раЗрушенных створок (штриховка); Б1 – праваЯ створка, внешний вид, H×L=8.5×14.0 мм; Б2 – внутреннЯЯ поверхность правой створки. Фрагменты раковины вЗрослого моллюска (L=69.7 мм): В1 – вид со стороны дорсального краЯ; В2 – фрагмент правой створки, вид сбоку. ОбоЗначениЯ: ЗК – Задний край; дК – дорсальный край; сКп – складки периостракума; м – макушка; мщ – макушечнаЯ Щель; пр – продиссоконх; хр – хондрофор; ппЛ – поддерживаюЩаЯ пластинка; дпЛ – дополнительнаЯ пластинка; син – синус. Fig. 6. Juvenile shells of Laternula elliptica: A1, A3 – left valves, external view, H×L=3.0×4.4 mm; A2 – paired valves, dorsal view, showing gape through which the siphon project; A4 – hinge with chondrophore and buttress, internal view; Б1– right valve, external view, H×L=8.5×14.0 mm; Б2 – right valve, internal view. Adult shell (L=69.7 мм): B1 – fragment of right valve, dorsal view; B2 – fragment of right valve, lateral view on umbo. Notes: ЗК – posterior margin; дК – dorsal margin; сКп – periostracal wrinkles; м – umbo; мщ – umbonal crack; пр – prodissoconch; хр – chondrophore; ппЛ – buttress; дпЛ – additional supporting plate; син – sinus.
Рис. 5. Морские двустворчатые моллюски иЗ раскопов памЯтника Константиновка-1: A–D, G–K – Anadara talmiensis Kalishevich, 1976 (A, B – раскоп 3, постройка № 40, пласт 6, квадрат Ж.3-10, длина раковины 49.3 мм; C, D – раскоп 3, постройка № 40, квадрат Ж.3-10, длина фрагмента 40.8 мм; G, H – раскоп 3, постройка № 40, квадрат Ж.3-10, длина фрагмента 41.6 мм; I–K – раскоп 1, пласт 1, квадрат Б2, длина фрагмента 35.8 мм; E, F – Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker, 1853), подъемный материал, длина фрагмента 100.7 мм. Fig. 5. Marine bivalves from the Konstantinovka-1 site excavations: A–D, G–K – Anadara talmiensis Kalishevich, 1976 (A, B – excavation 3, construction N 40, layer 6, square Ж.3-10, shell length 49.3 mm; C, D – excavation 3, construction N 40, square Ж.3-10, fragment length 40.8 mm; G, H – excavation 3, construction N 40, square Ж.3-10, fragment length 41.6 mm; I–K – excavation 1, formation 1, square B2, fragment length 35.8 mm); E, F – Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker, 1853), lifting material, fragment length 100.7 mm. in Mollusks from the archaeological site Konstantinovka-1 in Primorye (Russian Far East)
Рис. 5. Морские двустворчатые моллюски иЗ раскопов памЯтника Константиновка-1: A–D, G–K – Anadara talmiensis Kalishevich, 1976 (A, B – раскоп 3, постройка № 40, пласт 6, квадрат Ж.3-10, длина раковины 49.3 мм; C, D – раскоп 3, постройка № 40, квадрат Ж.3-10, длина фрагмента 40.8 мм; G, H – раскоп 3, постройка № 40, квадрат Ж.3-10, длина фрагмента 41.6 мм; I–K – раскоп 1, пласт 1, квадрат Б2, длина фрагмента 35.8 мм; E, F – Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker, 1853), подъемный материал, длина фрагмента 100.7 мм. Fig. 5. Marine bivalves from the Konstantinovka-1 site excavations: A–D, G–K – Anadara talmiensis Kalishevich, 1976 (A, B – excavation 3, construction N 40, layer 6, square Ж.3-10, shell length 49.3 mm; C, D – excavation 3, construction N 40, square Ж.3-10, fragment length 40.8 mm; G, H – excavation 3, construction N 40, square Ж.3-10, fragment length 41.6 mm; I–K – excavation 1, formation 1, square B2, fragment length 35.8 mm); E, F – Crenomytilus grayanus (Dunker, 1853), lifting material, fragment length 100.7 mm.
Рис. 4. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок перловиц Nodularia biwae (A, D – увеличенный фрагмент) и Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – увеличенный фрагмент) иЗ Японии, о-в Хонсю. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 1 мкм (А, В) и 2 мкм (C, D). Fig. 4. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of mussels Nodularia biwae (A, D – fragment) and Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – fragment) from Honshu Is., Japan. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 1µm (А, В) and 2 µm (C, D). in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East
Рис. 4. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок перловиц Nodularia biwae (A, D – увеличенный фрагмент) и Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – увеличенный фрагмент) иЗ Японии, о-в Хонсю. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 1 мкм (А, В) и 2 мкм (C, D). Fig. 4. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of mussels Nodularia biwae (A, D – fragment) and Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – fragment) from Honshu Is., Japan. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 1µm (А, В) and 2 µm (C, D).
Data from: Individual energetics scale up to community coexistence: Movement, metabolism and biodiversity dynamics in fragmented landscapes
<p>Unraveling the intricate mechanisms that govern community coexistence remains a daunting challenge, particularly amidst ongoing environmental change. To understand the response of individual animals to environmental change, physiology and individual metabolism are often studied. However, this perspective is currently largely lacking in community ecology. We argue that the integration of individual metabolism into community theory can offer new insights into coexistence. We present the first individual-based metabolic community model for a terrestrial mammal community to simulate energy dynamics and home range behavior in different environments. Using this model, we investigate how ecologically similar species coexist and maintain their energy balance under food competition. Only if individuals of different species are able to balance their incoming and outgoing energy over the long-term will they be able to coexist. After thoroughly testing and validating the model against real-world patterns such as of home range dynamics and field metabolic rates, we applied it as a case study to scenarios of habitat fragmentation - a widely discussed topic in biodiversity research. First, comparing single-species simulations with community simulations, we find that the effect of habitat fragmentation on populations is strongly context-dependent. While populations of species living alone in the landscape were mostly positively affected by fragmentation, the diversity of a community of species was highest under medium fragmentation scenarios. Under medium fragmentation, energy balance and reproductive investment were also most similar among species. We therefore suggest that similarity in energy balance among species promotes coexistence. We argue that energetics should be part of community ecology theory, as the relative energetic status and reproductive investment can reveal why and under what environmental conditions coexistence is likely to occur. As a result, landscapes can potentially be protected and designed to maximize coexistence. The metabolic community model presented here can be a promising tool to investigate other scenarios of environmental change or other species communities to further disentangle global change effects and preserve biodiversity.</p>
Fig. 11. The tommotiid Shetlandia multiplicata Wrona, 2004, unknown type sclerite fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics
Fig. 11. The tommotiid Shetlandia multiplicata Wrona, 2004, unknown type sclerite fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. NRM X10020, general view (A1), detail showing arched growth series (A2). B. NRM X10021, general view (B1), detail of broken margin (B2). C. NRM X10022, general view (C1), detail of comarginal ribs and broken edge (C2). D. NRM X10023. E. NRM X10024. Scale bars 200 µm, except B2, 100 µm. A–C taken with backscattered electron detector.
Figure 3 in Birds of Humaitá Forest Reserve, Acre, Brazil: an important forest fragment in south-west Amazonia
Figure 3. Three endemic species from the Inambari center associated with patches of Guadua bamboo recorded in the Humaitá Forest Reserve, Acre, Brazil. (A) Rufous-headed Woodpecker Celeus spectabilis (David P. Guimarães). (B) Rufous Twistwing Cnipodectes superrufus (Tomaz N. de Melo). (C) Acre Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus cohnhafti (Ricardo Plácido).
Figure 2 in Birds of Humaitá Forest Reserve, Acre, Brazil: an important forest fragment in south-west Amazonia
Figure 2. Examples of migratory species recorded in the Humaitá Forest Reserve, Acre, Brazil. (A) Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus (Diego Pedroza); (B) Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus (David P. Guimarães); (C) Rufous Casiornis Casiornis rufus (David P. Guimarães). (D) Swainson's Thrush Catharus swainsoni (Diego Pedroza).
Figure 1 in Birds of Humaitá Forest Reserve, Acre, Brazil: an important forest fragment in south-west Amazonia
Figure 1. Location of the Humaitá Forest Reserve (HFR) in the state of Acre, Brazil, near the city of Rio Branco (red star). The area that corresponds to the HFR, administered by the Federal University of Acre, is outlined by the red polygon.
Fig. 2 in Genetic Differentiation And Linkage Disequilibrium In A Spatially Fragmented Population Of Cheilosia Vernalis (Diptera: Syrphidae) From The Balkan Peninsula
Fig. 2. Standardized variance of allelic frequencies FST (open symbols) and genetic distance D (NEI 1978) (filled symbols) plotted against corresponding geographic distance between subpopulation pairs of Cheilosia vernalis: Durmitor-Morinj (75 km), Fruška Gora- Durmitor (240 km), and Fruška Gora-Morinj (306 km). Pearson correlation coefficients between geographic distance and FST and D
Fig. 1 in Genetic Differentiation And Linkage Disequilibrium In A Spatially Fragmented Population Of Cheilosia Vernalis (Diptera: Syrphidae) From The Balkan Peninsula
Fig. 1. Map of Serbia and Montenegro showing sampling sites for the studied subpopulations of Chelosia vernalis, and genotype distribution at the Pgm locus. The Pgm locus was the most variable locus in the surveyed subpopulations, and along with differences of allele frequency variances at the
METADATA for results of irradiation-induced complex DNA damage measurements using plasmid pBR322 along a typical Proton Treatment Plan at the MedAustron proton and carbon beam therapy facility (energy 137–198 MeV and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) range 1–9 keV/μm), by means of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and DNA fragmentation using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
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Supplementary Material for "Can ZooMS help assess species abundance in highly fragmented bone assemblages? Integrating morphological and proteomic identifications for the calculation of an adjusted ZooMS-eNISP"
<p><span>Supplementary Material for the article "Can ZooMS help assess species abundance in highly fragmented bone assemblages? Integrating morphological and proteomic identifications for the calculation of an adjusted ZooMS-eNISP" by Discamps et al., published in Palaeoanthropology.</span></p> <p><span>SI#1 Cassenade dataset (morphological and ZooMS identifications, sizes, masses, etc.) in RDS format.</span></p> <p><span>SI#2 Cassenade dataset (morphological and ZooMS identifications, sizes, masses, etc.) in CSV format.</span></p> <p><span>SI#3 R script used for making the figures and statistical tests</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in The orchid bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina) in a forest fragment from western Paraná state, Brazil
FIGURE 1: NMDS graph for the selected assemblages of orchid bees from Atlantic Biomes. Locality codes as listed in Table 1. Stress 0.1731, R2 NMDS1: 0.3555, NMDS 2: 0.3367.
FIGURE 3 in Trap-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in a Semidecidual Seasonal Forest fragment, southern Brazil
FIGURE 3: Phenology of most common trap-nesting Aculeata in Parque Estadual São Camilo (Palotina, Paraná), (A) from September 2014 to March 2014, (B) from October 2014 to March 2015.
FIGURE 2 in Trap-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in a Semidecidual Seasonal Forest fragment, southern Brazil
FIGURE 2: Trap nests in Parque Estadual São Camilo (Palotina, Paraná), (A) Centris analis, (B) Megachile susurrans, (C) Monobia angulosa, (D) Pachodynerus grandis, (E) Pachodynerus guadulpensis, (F) Zethus smithii. Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIGURE 15. Ultrastenos huberi, rostral fragments. A-B in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia
FIGURE 15. Ultrastenos huberi, rostral fragments. A-B, QM F31064, fragment of right maxilla. A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C-F, QM F31061, rostral fragment, including right premaxilla and fragment of right maxilla. C, ventral view. D, dorsal view. E, lateral view. F, medial view. Abbreviations: appa, antepenultimate premaxillary alveolus; ect sut, sutural surface for articulation with the ectopterygoid; idp, interdental reception pit; lpal, last premaxillary alveolus; lr, lateral ridge; mal, maxillary alveolus; mn, margin of the naris; mr, medial ridge; msy, articular surface for maxillary symphysis; nar, naris; nc, nasal cavity; nsy, articular surface for nasal symphysis; pm, premaxilla; pmf, premaxillary fenestra; ppal, penultimate premaxillary alveolus; psy, articular surface for premaxillary symphysis; rp, reception pit; sofm, margin of the suborbital fenestra; Vpal, maxillary foramen for palatine ramus of cranial nerve V2 (maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve), note that the margins of this foramen are broken, thus enlarging the apparent size of the foramen. Scale bar equals 20 mm.
FIGURE 20. Ultrastenos huberi, anterior mandibular fragments. A-C in A reinterpretation and taxonomic revision of Ultrastenos willisi Stein, Hand and Archer, 2016, a short-snouted mekosuchine crocodylian from the Oligocene of northern Australia
FIGURE 20. Ultrastenos huberi, anterior mandibular fragments. A-C: QM F61096, articulated left and right dentaries. A, dorsal view. B, right lateral view. C, posterior view. Dashed line in (C) represents the anterior margin of the splenial sutural scar. D, E: QM F31068, left dentary fragment. D, dorsal view. E, medial view. White arrows in (E) indicate the anterior tip of the dorsal and ventral anterior splenial processes. F: QM F31069, symphyseal fragment of mandible in posteriomedial view. Abbreviations: avp, anterior ventral process of the splenial; d, dentary; da, dentary alveolus; dldsy, dorsal lobe of the dentary symphyseal surface; dsys, symphyseal surface of the dentary; dt, dentary tooth; ms, Meckelian sulcus; msy, mandibular symphysis; sp, splenial; spss, sutural surface for articulation with the splenial. Scale bar equals 20 mm.
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