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186 results for “Hybridisation”
Data from: Does genetic distance between parental species influence outcomes of hybridisation among coral reef butterflyfishes?
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Data from: Hybridisation and genetic diversity in introduced Mimulus (Phrymaceae)
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Data from: The role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary persistence of vertebrate parthenogens: a case study of Darevskia lizards
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A single pleiotropic locus influences the rate of hybridisation between two sibling species of Lygaeus bugs
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Data from: Home loving boreal hare mitochondria survived several invasions in Iberia: the relative roles of recurrent hybridisation and allele surfing
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Data from: Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation
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On the use of genome-wide data to model and date the time of anthropogenic hybridisation: an example from the Scottish wildcat
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Data from: The role of local ecology during hybridisation at the initial stages of ecological speciation in a marine snail
Hybrid zones of ecologically divergent populations are ideal systems to study the interaction between natural selection and gene flow during the initial stages of speciation. Here we perform an AFLP genome scan in parallel hybrid zones between divergent ecotypes of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis, which is considered a model case for the study of ecological speciation. RB (Ridged-Banded) and SU (Smooth-Unbanded) ecotypes are adapted to different shore levels and microhabitats, although they present a sympatric distribution at the mid-shore where they meet and mate (partially assortatively). We used shell morphology, outlier and non-outlier AFLP loci from RB, SU and hybrid specimens captured in sympatry to determine the level of phenotypic and genetic introgression. We found different levels of introgression at parallel hybrid zones and non-outlier loci showed more gene flow with greater phenotypic introgression. These results were independent from the phylogeography of the studied populations, but not from the local ecological conditions. Genetic variation at outlier loci was highly correlated with phenotypic variation. In addition, we used the relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation to estimate the heritability of morphological traits and to identify potential QTLs to be confirmed in future crosses. These results suggest that ecology (exogenous selection) plays an important role in this hybrid zone. Thus, ecologically-based divergent natural selection is responsible, simultaneously, for both ecotype divergence and hybridisation. On the other hand, genetic introgression occurs only at neutral loci (non-outliers). In the future, genome-wide studies and controlled crosses would give more valuable information about this process of speciation in the face of gene flow.
Data from: Multiple post-mating barriers to hybridisation in field crickets
Mechanisms that prevent different species from interbreeding are fundamental to the maintenance of biodiversity. Barriers to interspecific matings, such as failure to recognize a potential mate, are often relatively easy to identify. Those occurring after mating, such as differences in the how successful sperm are in competition for fertilisations, are cryptic and have the potential to create selection on females to mate multiply as a defence against maladaptive hybridization. Cryptic advantages to conspecific sperm may be very widespread and have been identified based on the observations of higher paternity of conspecifics in several species. However, a relationship between the fate of sperm from two species within the female and paternity has never been demonstrated. We use competitive microsatellite PCR to show that in two hybridising cricket species, Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris, sequential cryptic reproductive barriers are present. In competition with heterospecifics, more sperm from conspecific males is stored by females. Additionally, sperm from conspecific males has a higher fertilisation probability. This reveals that conspecific sperm precedence can occur through processes fundamentally under the control of females, providing avenues for females to evolve multiple mating as a defence against hybridization, with the counterintuitive outcome that promiscuity reinforces isolation and may promote speciation.
Data from: Asymmetric introgression between the M and S molecular forms of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, maintains divergence despite extensive hybridisation.
The suggestion that genetic divergence can arise and/or be maintained in the face of gene flow, has been contentious since first proposed. Partially reproductively isolated taxa have been highlighted as offering unique opportunities for identifying the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of divergence with gene flow. The African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s., is widely regarded as consisting of two sympatric forms, thought by many to represent incipient species, the M and S molecular forms. However, there has been much debate about the extent of reproductive isolation between M and S, with one view positing that divergence may have arisen and is being maintained in the presence of gene flow, and the other proposing a more advanced speciation process with little realized gene flow due to low fitness of hybrids. These hypotheses have been difficult to address because hybrids are typically very rare (<1%). Here, we assess samples from an area of high hybridisation and demonstrate that hybrids are fit and responsible for extensive introgression. Nonetheless, we show that strong divergent selection at a subset of loci combined with highly asymmetric introgression has enabled M and S to remain genetically differentiated despite extensive gene flow. We propose that the extent of reproductive isolation between M and S varies across West Africa resulting in a "geographic mosaic of reproductive isolation"; a finding which adds further complexity to our understanding of divergence in this taxon and which has considerable implications for transgenic control strategies.
Data from: Introduced parasite changes host phenotype, mating signal and hybridisation risk: Philornis downsi effects on Darwin's finch song
Introduced parasites that alter their host's mating signal can change the evolutionary trajectory of a species through sexual selection. Darwin's Camarhynchus finches are threatened by the introduced fly Philornis downsi that is thought to have accidentally arrived on the Galapagos Islands during the 1960s. The P. downsi larvae feed on the blood and tissue of developing finches causing on average ~55 % in-nest mortality and enlarged naris size in survivors. Here we test if enlarged naris size is associated with song characteristics and vocal deviation in the small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus), the critically endangered medium tree finch (C. pauper), and the recently observed hybrid tree finch group (Camarhynchus hybrids). Male C. parvulus and C. pauper with enlarged naris size produced song with lower maximum frequency and greater vocal deviation, but there was no significant association in hybrids. Less vocal deviation predicted faster pairing success in both parental species. Finally, C. pauper males with normal naris size produced species-specific song, but male C. pauper with enlarged naris size had song that was indistinguishable from other tree finches. When parasites disrupt host mating signal, they may also facilitate hybridisation. Here we show how parasite-induced naris enlargement affects vocal quality resulting in blurred species mating signals.
Fig. 6 in Recombination provides evidence for ancient hybridisation in the Silene aegyptiaca (Caryophyllaceae) complex
Fig. 6 Distribution of individuals in southern Anatolia and western Middle East. Western clade individuals are in pink and light pink. The three individuals with recombined EST09 sequences from the yellow group are marked with arrows. The figure on the lower right shows the approximate position of the Anatolian Diagonal (dashed red lines)
Figures 36-44 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 36-44 Male genitalia of Udea species. 36–37 U. altaica (Mally prep. 1090) 36 male genitalia 37 posterior phallus apodeme 38–41 U. juldusalis 38 male genitalia, Paralectotype (Mally prep. 1081) 39–41 posterior phallus apodeme 39 Paralectotype (Mally prep. 1081) 40 Lectotype (Mally prep. 1082) 41 (Mally prep. 1089) 42–44 U. plumbalis 42 male genitalia, Holotype (Mally prep. 1083) 43–44 posterior phallus apodeme 43 Holotype (Mally prep. 1083) 44 (Mally prep. 1094); 500 µm scale bar refers to male genitalia, 200 µm scale bar to posterior phallus apodemes.
Figures 23-35 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 23-35 Male genitalia of the Udea austriacalis species complex. 23–28 U. austriacalis 23 male genitalia (Mally prep. 1092) 24–28 posterior phallus apodeme 24 Mally prep. 1042 25 Mally prep. 1043 26 Mally prep. 1044 27 Mally prep. 1045 28 Mally prep. 1046 29–33 U. donzelalis 29 male genitalia (Mally prep. 1024) 30–33 posterior phallus apodeme 30 Mally prep. 1024 31 Mally prep. 866 32 Mally prep. 867 33 Mally prep. 1022 34–35 U. cretacea (Mally prep. 523) 34 male genitalia 35 posterior phallus apodeme; 500 µm scale bar refers to male genitalia, 200 µm scale bar to posterior phallus apodemes.
Figure 1 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figure 1 Maximum Likelihood analysis of COI Barcode data of the Udea alpinalis species group. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap values of ≥ 50 % inferred from 1,000 replicates, scale bar represents substitutions per site.
Figures 7-14 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 7-14 Adult specimens of Udea species. 7–10 U. austriacalis 7–8 male, dorsal (7) and ventral (8) 9–10 female, dorsal (9) and ventral (10), abdomen removed 11–14 U. donzelalis 11–12 male, dorsal (11) and ventral (12) 13–14 female, dorsal (13) and ventral (14), abdomen removed. Scale bars: 500 µm.
Figures 45-47 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 45-47 Female genitalia of Udea species. 45 U. austriacalis (Mally prep. 1047) 46 U. donzelalis (Mally prep. 1023) 47 U. altaica (Mally prep. 1084).
Figures 2-3 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 2-3 Maximum Likelihood analysis of EF1a (2) and wingless (3) data of the Udea alpinalis species group. Numbers on branches represent bootstrap values of ≥ 50% inferred from 1,000 replicates. Note that the taxon set is not identical for the two analyses, scale bars represent substitutions per site.
Figures 15-22 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 15-22 Adult specimens of Udea species. 15–18 U. altaica 15–16 male, dorsal (15) and ventral (16) 17–18 Lectotype (NHMW) female, dorsal (17) and ventral (18) 19–20 U. juldusalis Lectotype (NHMW) male, dorsal (19) and ventral (20) 21–22 U. plumbalis Holotype (NHMW) male, dorsal (21) and ventral (22). Scale bar: 500 µm.
Figures 4-5 from: Mally R, Huemer P, Nuss M (2018) Deep intraspecific DNA barcode splits and hybridisation in the Udea alpinalis group (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Crambidae) – an integrative revision. ZooKeys 746: 51-90. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.746.22020
Figures 4-5 Distribution of investigated specimens of the Udea austriacalis species complex (4) and U. rhododendronalis (5) in Europe 4 U. austriacalis (red), U. donzelalis (green), U. cretacea (yellow) 5 U. rhododendronalis (blue); altitudes ≥ 1,000 m are marked in increasingly darker grey shades every 500 m.
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