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Fig. 4 in Paleoecology of the large carnivore guild from the late Pleistocene of Argentina

Fig. 4. Bivariate plot of log−transformed body size vs. population density for 12 species of African carnivores. Full lines: regression line (least squares adjustment) Dotted lines: 95% confidence intervals. pp: Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758); pl: Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758); ac: Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber, 1775); cr: Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777); fl: Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775; gs: Galerella sanguinea (Rüppell, 1836), ia: Ichneumia albicauda (Cuvier, 1829); ge: Genetta genetta (Linnaeus, 1758); cau: Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758; Canis adustus Sundevall, 1847; cm: Canis mesomelas Schreber, 1775; cs: Canis simensis Rüppell, 1840.

Fig. 9 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 9. Shelly residue from the Caspian Sea floor on the North-Middle Caspian Basin transition offshore Kazakhstan (44°43.4 N, 50°13.2 E; water depth 8 m). The soft bottom fauna is dominated by Holocene invasives such as (1) Abra segmentum, (2) Cerastoderma spec. Asensu Wesselingh et al. (2019), and (3) Mytilaster minimus. Pontocaspian endemics occur in this sample: (4) Monodacna albida s.l., (5) Didacna spp., (6) Dreissena caspia and (7) Turricaspia meneghiniana, yet these all are discolored and presumably pre-20th century).

Fig. 4 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 4. Cardiidae. (1) Adacna laeviuscula; (a) RGM.1309812 LV; (b) RGM.1309813 RV. (2) Adacna minima; (A) RGM.1309811 LV; (b) RGM.1309810 RV. (3) Monodacna semipellucida, RGM.1309802 RV; (4) Monodacna caspia s.l. (a) RGM.1309803 LV; (b) RGM.1309804 RV. (5) Hypanis plicata; (a) RGM.1309808 LV (b) RGM.1309809 RV. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 3. Rarefaction curve of Selitrennoye diversity with 95% confidence interval and extrapolated richness. The triangle indicates the observed richness.

Fig. 1 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 1. Caspian Sea today (left panel) and during the Late Pleistocene Hyrcanian regional stage (right panel) (modified after Neubauer et al., 2018). The study site of Selitrennoye is indicated with a red star. Hyrcanian lake level was modeled in ESRI ArcGIS 10.4 based on Krijgsman et al. (2019), who suggested an absolute lake level of 30 m above sea level. (i.e., 57 m higher than today) at that time following Popov (1983). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 6. Shape variation in Didacna subcatillus RGM.1310272. (1) Variability of dentition in LV: (a) thick hinge, to (d) thin hinge. (2) Variability of dentition in RV: (a) thick hinge, to (d) thin hinge. (3) Shape variability of LV (a) oval (b) oval/triangular, (c) triangular. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 8. Dreissenidae. (1–3) Dreissena caspia Eichwald, 1855: (1a) RGM.1310289 short type, LV; (1b) RGM.1310288 short type, RV; (2a) RGM.1310286 medium/curved type, LV; (2b) RGM.1310287 medium/curved type, RV; (3a) RGM.1310285 elongated type, LV; (3b) RGM.1310284 elongated type, RV. (4–5) Dreissena elata Andrusov, 1897: (4a) RGM.1310283 elongated type, LV; (4b) RGM.1310282 elongated type, RV; (5a) RGM.1310279 short type, LV; (5b) RGM.1310278 short type, RV). (6–7) Dreissena grimmi Andrusov, 1890: (6a) RGM.1310276 straight type, LV; (6b) RGM.1310275 straight type, RV; (7a) RGM.1310274 curved type, LV; (7b) RGM.1310273 curved type, RV. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 2. Location and section of the Selitrennoye outcrop next to Akhtuba river. Updated from Neubauer et al. (2018) to show new allocation of stratigraphic units.

Fig. 5 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 5. Overview of the Cardiidae. (1) Didacna subcrassa; (a) RGM-1309816 LV; (b) RGM-1309815 RV. (2) Didacna subpyramidata; (a) RGM-1309797 LV; (b) RGM-1309814 RV. (3) Didacna subcatillus; (a) RMG-1309819 LV; (b) RMG-1309820 RV. (4) Didacna emendata; (a) RGM-1309799 LV; (b) RGM-1309798 RV. (5) Didacna ebersini; A (a) RGM1309817 LV; (b) RGM-1309818 RV. (6) Didacna cristata; (a) RGM.1309800 LV; (b) RGM.1309801 RV. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 7 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 7. Plasticity (shape variability) of (1) Monodacna caspia RGM.1309807. (a) umbo in the middle, more square (b) umbo not in middle, more round (c) umbo in the middle, oval (d) umbo not in middle, more oval shape. (2) Dreissena elata. (a) RGM.1310278 short, curved (b) RGM.1310280 medium, curved (c) RGM.1310280 long, curved (d) RGM.1310280 medium, straight (e) RGM.1310282 long, straight. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 6. Ulna, right, of Oraristrix brea (LACM RLB E9544), in (A) anterior, (B) ventral, and (C) posterior view. Anteroproximal view of (D) O. brea (LACM RLB E9804), (E) Bubo virginianus (LACM 87413), and (F) Strix nebulosa (MVZ 155426) illustrate the differences in form of the olecranon and the position of the Tuberculum lig. coll. ventralis. Scale bar = 20 mm.

Figure 5 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 5. Humerus, right, of Oraristrix brea (LACM RLB E9804), in (A) anterior and (B) posterior view, and (C) proximal end in anteroproximal view. Anteroproximal view of proximal ends of (D) Bubo virginianus (LACM 109226), and (E) Strix nebulosa (MVZ 155426) illustrates the differences in the form of the Crista bicipitalis and the Sulcus ligamentum transversus. Radius, left, of O. brea (LACM RLB K9798), in (F) anterior, (G) proximal, and (H) posterior view. Anteroventral view of left proximal radii of (I) O. brea (LACM RLB K9798), (J) S. nebulosa (MVZ 151874), and (K) B. virginianus (LACM 109226) illustrates the differences in the form and position of the attachment for M. biceps brachii. Radius, distal end, left, of O. brea (LACM RLB K9627), in (L) dorsal, (M) distal, and (N) ventral view. Carpometacarpus, left, of O. brea (LACM RLB K9432), in (O) dorsal and (P) ventral view. Scale bar = 20 mm.

Figure 2 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 2. Intra-element proportions of the tarsometatarsus of Oraristrix brea distinguish it from modern species of owls. (A) Scatter diagram of length vs. width of posterior surface of hypotarsus. For its length, the posterior surface of the hypotarsus of O. brea is relatively narrow compared to that of modern owls. (B) Scatter diagram of total length vs. minimum shaft width of tarsometatarsus. The length of O. brea is within the upper values for Bubo virginianus, but most of the fossils have a relatively slender shaft. (C) Scatter diagram of total length vs. distal width of tarsometatarsus. The length of O. brea is within the upper values for Bubo virginianus, but most of the fossils have a relatively narrower distal end.

Figure 9. A in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 9. A comparison of wing length vs. leg lengths in Bubo bubo, B. africanus, B. virginianus, Strix nebulosa, S. occidentalis, S. varia, S. aluco, and Oraristrix brea. In (A) the leg length includes the femur, whereas in (B) only the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus are included in the leg length because the femur is held in a near horizontal position and it correlates with the weight of the bird, not necessarily its stature. In both plots it can be seen that O. brea had relatively longer legs in comparison to species of similar wing length. However, the difference might also result from the small number of fossil specimens and/or the fact that the fossil O. brea is a composite of an unknown number of individuals. We cannot exclude the possibility, however remote, that the leg elements all, or primarily, belong to large females whereas the wing bones are all from smaller males. For the modern species, each symbol represents one specimen, whereas for Oraristrix brea and the fossil Bubo virginianus from Rancho La Brea the symbol stands for the arithmetic means of all fossil specimens of particular elements. For O. brea the number of fossil specimens available for calculating the means was as follows: humerus, 4; ulna, 1; carpometacarpus, 7; femur, 5; tibiotarsus, 5; tarsometatarsus, 15. For fossil B. virginianus, the number of specimens available for calculating the means was as follows: humerus, 6; ulna, 6; carpometacarpus, 34; femur, 41; tibiotarsus, 18; tarsometatarsus, 68.

Figure 8 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 8. Synsacrum of Oraristrix brea (F3700) in (A) anterior, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral view. Views of the posterior ischium of (D) Bubo virginianus (LACM 110180) and (E) Strix nebulosa (MVZ 151874) illustrate the differences in the posterior ends of this bone in these species. There is no breakage to the posterior ischium of O. brea. Femur, right, of O. brea (K9427) in (F) anterior, (G) posterior, and (H) lateral view. Lateral views of the left proximal femur of (I) O. brea (K9428), (J) S. nebulosa (MVZ 155426), and (K) B. virginianus (LACM 109226) illustrate the differences in form of the Crista trochantericus and position of the attachment of M. iliotrochantericus posterior. Tibiotarsus, left, of O. brea (E9888) in (L) anterior, (M) posterior, and (N) proximal view. Medial views of left proximal tibiotarsi of (O) O. brea (E9888), (P) B. virginianus (LACM 109226), and (Q) S. nebulosa (MVZ 155426) illustrate the differences in form of the Crista cnemialis anterior and the size and position of the attachment of M. gastrocnemius, pars interna. Fibula, left, of O. brea (H9244) in (R) lateral view. Scale bar = 20 mm.

Figure 4 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 4. Rostrum maxillare of Oraristrix brea (LACM RLB K2713) in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, and (C) posterior views. Sternum of O. brea (LACM RLB F2477) in (D) anterior, (E) ventral, and (F) lateral view. Scapula, left, of O. brea (LACM RLB H6613), in (G) dorsolateral, (H) dorsomedial, and (I) ventromedial views. Close-up of glenoid facet of (J) O. brea (LACM RLB H6613), (K) Bubo virginianus (LACM 109120), and (L) Strix nebulosa (MVZ 151874) illustrating the consistent differences in the shape of this facet among the species. Coracoid, right, of O. brea (LACM RLB F9687), in (M) ventral, (N) dorsal, and (O) medial view. Sternal ends of (P) B. virginianus (LACM 109120), and (Q) S. nebulosa (MVZ 155426) illustrate the differences in their Angulus medialis. The differing placement of the Linea intermusculare and the size of the Fac. artic. sternalis can also be noted. Clavicula, left, of O. brea (LACM RLB E9233), in (R) lateral view. Scale bar = 20 mm.

Figure 1 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 1. Holotypic tarsometatarsus of Oraristrix brea (LACM RLB E9379) in (A) anterior, (B) lateral, (C) posterior, (D) medial, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views. Lateral view (G) of distal tarsometatarsus of O. brea (LACM RLB K9623) illustrates the straight posterior edge of the lateral condyle of Trochlea III. Scale bar = 20 mm.

Figure 3 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 3. Intra-membral and inter-membral element plots give an indication of how Oraristrix brea differed from the modern owls Bubo bubo, B. virginianus, Strix nebulosa, S. occidentalis, S. varia, and S. aluco. (A) Tarsometatarsus length vs. tibiotarsus length. (B) Femur medial length vs. carpometacarpus length. (C) Tarsometatarsus length vs. humerus length. (D) Tarsometatarsus length vs. coracoid medial length. (E) Tarsometatarsus length vs. Carpometacarpus length. (F) Femur medial length vs. humeral length. For the modern species,… [continued on facing page]

Figure 10 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 10. Measurements (refer to Table 1). (I) Premaxilla: A, anterior height; B, anterior width; C, posterior height; D, tomial length; E, tomial width. (II) Sternum: A, total length; B, ventral width. (III) Pelvis: A, neural arch height; B, centre height through vertebra; C, width through prezygapophyses; D, width through antitrochanter; E, width through 1st transverse process. (IV) Coracoid: A, length to mid-Fac. artic. sternalis; B, depth of acrocoracoid; C, width of acrocoracoid; D, width of shaft at procoracoid. (V) Scapula: A, articular length; B, length of Fac. artic. humeralis; C, width of Fac. artic. humeralis. (VI) Femur: A, median length; B, proximal width; C, width at midshaft; D, depth at midshaft; E, distal width; F, distal depth.

Figure 11 in A New Genus for the Extinct Late Pleistocene Owl Strix brea Howard (Aves: Strigiformes) from Rancho La Brea, California

Figure 11. Measurements (refer to Table 1). (I) Humerus: A, total length; B, proximal width; C, distal width. (II) Ulna: A, total length; B, proximal width; C, proximal depth; D, width of Condylus dorsalis. (III) Radius: A, total length; B, maximum proximal width; C, minimum proximal width; D, distal width. (IV) Carpometacarpus: A, total length; B, proximal width; C, proximal depth; D, depth of mid shaft; E, distal width. (V) Tibiotarsus: A, total length; B, proximal width; C, proximal depth; D, width at midshaft; E, distal width; F, depth of Condylus lateralis; G, depth of Condylus medialis. (VI) Tarsometatarsus: A, total length; B, proximal width; C, length of hypotarsus; D, width of hypotarsus; E, minimum shaft width; F, distal width.