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Fig. 4 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 4 (a-d) Terminalia of Doratomantispa arcimaculata sp. nov., holotype, male, lateral view. S, sternum; T, tergum; cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoprocts; gp, gonapophyses; gst, gonostyli; gx, gonocoxites. Scale bar = 0.1 mm

Fig. 2 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 2 Legs of Doratomantispa arcimaculata sp. nov., holotype, male. (a-i) Foreleg (profemoral anteroventral row in green, posteroventral row in orange): (a, b; e, f) Left and right posterior surface, respectively, arrow 1 indicates the angularly curved prostrate setae (near Type k4), arrow 2 indicates the conical setae (Type k3); (c, h) Protibial ventral prostrate setae; (g) Profemoral anteroventral row excluding major process; (d) Protarsal ventral conical setae; (i) Protarsus and pretarsus; (j) Meta-tarsi. mp, major process; p, primary process; pb, primary branch; q, quaternary process; sb, secondary branch; t, tertiary process. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b, e–g, i), 0.1 mm (c, d, h, j)

Fig. 1 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 1 Doratomantispa arcimaculata sp. nov., holotype, male. (a, b) Habitus, lateral view; (c–e) head: (c) frontolateral view; (d, e) lateral view. spa, supra-antennal area; tu, tubercle; ve, vertex. Scale bars = 5 mm (a, b), 0.5 mm (c-e)

Fig. 10 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 10 Doratomantispa gaoyuhei sp. nov., holotype, female. (a, b) Left and right hind wing, respectively; (c, d) Terminalia, lateral view. S, sternum; T, tergum; ect: ectoprocts; gx: gonocoxites; im: intermedian cell. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 0.25 mm (c, d)

Fig. 6 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 6 Doratomantispa ares Lu et al., 2020, holotype, male. (a) Wings; (b) Proximal portion of radial region of hind wing; (c) Hind wing CuP, arrows 1 indicating the weak proximal portion of CuP, arrow 2 indicating the vein by fusion of posterior CuP branch and

Fig. 5 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 5 Doratomantispa ares Lu et al., 2020, holotype, male. (a) Habitus, lateral view; (b, c) head and prothorax, dorsal and ventral view, respectively; (d, e) head, dorsal view; (f) Head, ventral view; (g) Prothorax, anteroventral view; (h, i) left foreleg, posterior surface (profemoral anteroventral row in green, posteroventral row in orange), arrow 1 indicates the angularly curved prostrate setae (near Type k4), arrow 2 indicates the conical setae (Type k3). cs, coronal suture; es, episternum; mp, major process; lc, posterior cervical sclerite; p, primary process; pb, primary branch; s, secondary process; sb, secondary branch; smt, submentum; t: spa, supra-antennal area; tertiary process; tu, tubercle; ve, vertex. Scale bars = 3 mm (a), 1 mm (b–i)

Fig. 14 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 14 Doratomantispa yumeiyingae sp. nov., holotype, female. (a, b) Right and left forewing, respectively; (c, d) left and right hind wing, respectively; (e, f) terminalia, lateral view. S, sternum; T, tergum; cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoprocts; gp, gonapophyses; gx, gonocoxites; im, intermedian cell; r, radial cell. Scale bars = 2 mm (a-d), 0.25 mm (e-f)

Fig. 20 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 20 Doratomantispa zhuozhengmingi sp. nov., holotype, male. (a) Habitus, lateral view; (b) head and prothorax, lateral view; (c, d). left foreleg, posterior surface (profemoral anteroventral row in green, posteroventral row in orange), arrow 1 indicates the angularly curved prostrate setae (near Type k4), arrow 2 indicates the conical setae (Type k3); (e) profemoral anteroventral row; (f) protibial ventral prostrate setae; (g) Protarsus and pretarsus; (h) meta-tarsus. mp, major process; p, primary process; pb, primary branch; q, quaternary process; s, secondary process; sb, secondary branch; t, tertiary process. Scale = 2 mm (a), 1 mm (b), 0.25 mm (c-e, h), 0.125 mm (g), 0.0625mm (f)

Fig. 17 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 17 Doratomantispa zhangzhiqiae sp. nov., holotype, male. (a) Habitus, dorsal view; (b) head and prothorax, dorsal view; (c) prothorax, dorsolateral view; (d, e) Head, dorsal view, arrow 1 indicates the conical setae (Type k3); (f) head, ventral view; (g) Protibia, arrow 2 indicates the angularly curved prostrate setae (near Type k4); h meta-tarsus. ca, cardo; cs, coronal suture; pfs: postfurcasternum; smt, submentum; spa, supra-antennal area; st, stipes; tu, tubercle; ve, vertex. Scale bars = 3 mm (a), 1 mm (b, c, h), 0.5 mm (d–f), 0.25 mm (g)

Fig. 21 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 21 Doratomantispa zhuozhengmingi sp. nov., holotype, male. (a, b) Right and left forewing, respetively; (c) right hind wing; (d, e) Terminalia, lateral view. S, sternum; T, tergum; ect, ectoprocts; gp, gonapophyses; gst, gonostyli; gx, gonocoxites; im, intermedian cell; r, radial cell. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c); 0.25 mm (d, e)

Fig. 22 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 22 (a–i) Paradoxomantispa jiaxiaoae Lu et al., 2020, holotype, female: (a, b) head, lateral view; (c, d) left and right foreleg, respectively, posterior surface (profemoral anteroventral row in green, posteroventral row in orange); (e) left foreleg, anterior surface (profemoral anteroventral row in green, posteroventral row in orange), arrow 1 indicates the angularly curved prostrate setae (near Type k4), arrow 2 indicates the conical setae (Type k3); (f) major process; (g) protibial ventral prostrate setae; (h) protarsus and pretarsus; (i) meta-tarsus; (j, k) Paradoxomantispa hongi Shi et al., 2019, holotype, sex unknown, cited from Shi et al. (2019): (j) right foreleg, posterior surface (profemoral anteroventral row in green, posteroventral row in orange), arrow 1 indicates the angularly curved prostrate setae (near Type k4), arrow 2 indicates the conical setae (Type k3); (k) major process. ab, anterior branch; mp: major process; p, primary process; pb, primary branch; q, quaternary process; qb, quaternary branch; s, secondary process; sb, secondary branch; spa, supra-antennal area; t, tertiary process; tb, tertiary branch. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (a–e, j), 0.125 mm (f–i, k)

Fig. 18 in New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Fig. 18 Doratomantispa zhangzhiqiae sp. nov., holotype, male. (a, b) Left and right forewing, respectively; (c, d) left and right hind wing, respectively. im, intermedian cell; r, radial cell. Scale bar = 1 mm

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Data from: Stem-group fossils of Symphrasinae shed light on early evolution of Mantispidae (Insecta, Neuroptera)

New genera and species mantid lacewings of Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Mantispidae), Archaeosymphrasis pennyi gen. et sp. nov. and Habrosymphrasis xiai gen. et sp. nov., are described from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber, representing the oldest fossil record of the subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis recovered the new genera as stem-group Symphrasinae, sister to the rest of the subfamily. These new amber taxa illuminate the evolutionary history of Symphrasinae, as well as insights into their historical biogeography. They also provide new evidence for divergence time estimates of extant mantispid subfamilies.

FIGURE 37 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 37. Phylogenetic relationships of Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera). (a) Strict consensus (number of steps = 146, consistency index (CI) = 77, retention index (RI) = 89) of seven most parsimonious trees corresponding to the equal weight analysis; (b) Strict consensus (number of steps = 144, consistency index (CI) = 78, retention index (RI) = 90) of two most parsimonious trees corresponding to the implied weighting analysis (k=15.190447). Character changes are marked on branches, with red characters number above, and black state number below each circle. Forward unequivocal changes (black circles) and reversed or multiple changes (white circles) are shown. Bremer values of branch support are presented below nodes in blue.

FIGURE 36 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 36. Spermathecae of Mantispidae and Rhachiberothidae. (a) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b) Anchieta sp. (c) Theristria hillieri. (d) Calomantispa venusta. (e) Campion rubellus. Abbreviations: acg, accessory gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; dv, diverticulum; d.s., distal section of spermatheca; fc, fertilization canal; fcd, fertilization canal duct; m.s., medial section of spermatheca; p.s., proximal section of spermatheca (Table 1).

FIGURE 35 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 35. Homology hypotheses of the female genital sclerites in Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae, the female genitalia drawings are in lateral and ventral view. (a, b) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (c, d) Anchieta sp. (e, f) Theristria hillieri. (g, h) Calomantispa venusta. (i, j) Campion rubellus. SVII (sternite VII) may represent/contain the gonocoxites VII. Abbreviations: cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoproct; phy, pseudohypocauda; s, sternite; t, tergite (Table 1).

FIGURE 34 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 34. Homology hypotheses of the male genital sclerites in Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae, the male genitalia drawings are in lateral and ventral view. (a, b) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (c, d) Anchieta partheniella. (e, f) Theristria hillieri. (g, h) Calomantispa venusta. (i, j) Campion rubellus. Abbreviations: dp, digitiform processes; gxm, gonocoxites XI membrane; gstm, gonostyli X membrane; hp, hypomere; hsp, hook-shaped process; ml, median lobe of gonocoxites XI (Table 1).

FIGURE 33 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 33. Male terminalia of Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae in lateral and ventral view. (a, b) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (c, d) Anchieta partheniella. (e, f) Theristria hillieri. (g, h) Calomantispa venusta. (i, j) Campion rubellus. Abbreviations: cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoproct; s, sternite; t, tergite (Table 1).

FIGURE 31 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 31. Morphology of the hind wing base in Mantispinae. (a) Nampista ragazziana. (b) Climaciella amapaensis. (c) Campanacella javanica. (d) Mantispa styriaca. (e) Buyda phthisica. (f) Necyla sp. (g) Leptomantispa catarinae. (h) Cercomantispa sp. (i) Xaviera manca. (j) Austromantispa sp. Homology colors as in Fig. 30.

FIGURE 32 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 32. Fore- and hind wing in Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. (a) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b‒d) Symphrasinae. (b) Anchieta partheniella. (c) Trichoscelia santareni. (d) Plega dactylota. (e, f) Drepanicinae. (e) Gerstaeckerella chilensis. (f) Drepanicus chrysopinus. (g, h) Calomantispinae. (g) Calomantispa venusta. (h) Nolima victor. (i, j) Mantispinae. (i) Campion sp. (j) Climaciella brunnea.