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1,123 results for “Meta-analysis”
Data from: Assessing the mechanisms and impacts of shrub invasion in forests: A meta-analysis
<ol> <li>The encroachment of invasive shrubs in forest understories can have detrimental effects on native plant recruitment. As a result, removal of invasive species is a common practice although long-lasting success is rare. In order to effectively conserve and manage invaded forests, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that drive shrub invasion, i.e., high propagule pressure, low native resistance, and exploitation of empty niches.</li> <li>To gain a deeper understanding of the invasion process in forest ecosystems we conducted a meta-analysis of the work done in this topic. We collected data on invasive species and native community performance and on the abiotic conditions of forest understories under low and high levels of shrub invasion. We analyzed data from 124 articles that yielded 377 unique observations.</li> <li>Our results revealed that while invader performance did not vary by the mechanism of invasion, the impact on the native community was significantly detrimental when invasion occurred via low biotic resistance, and only marginally significant via propagule pressure. Invasive species performance was associated with increases in light availability, but not with other resources (soil water, or nutrients). When assessing impact on native performance as a function of invasive performance, results were again only significant under the low biotic resistance mechanism. Lastly, impacts were stronger when invasion took place by a single invader.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Taken together, these results suggest that restoration efforts should focus on (i) increasing the presence of strong native competitors or functionally diverse native communities, (ii) decreasing sources of invasive shrub propagules while keeping the canopies closed when invasion occurs via high propagule pressure, (iii) avoiding management techniques that degrade or diminish canopy cover, and (iv) prioritizing management of forest understories dominated by particularly impactful invasive shrubs.</li> </ol>
Environmental context and herbivore traits mediate the strength of associational effects in a meta-analysis of crop diversity
<p>1. Crop diversification offers a promising solution to meet expanding global food demands while maintaining ecosystem services. Diversification strategies that employ mixed planting to reduce pest damage (e.g., intercropping), termed "associational effects" (AE) in the ecological literature, can decrease (associational resistance) or increase (associational susceptibility) herbivore abundance on a focal plant. While application of AE to agroecosystems typically reduces pest abundance, the range of outcomes varies widely.</p> <p>2. We conducted a meta-analysis using 272 estimates of insect herbivore abundance on crops neighbored by a conspecific or heterospecific from 44 studies undertaken on six continents. We focus on four agricultural crops well-represented from sites across the globe to test hypotheses related to understanding how herbivore traits (diet breadth, feeding guild, origin), plant traits (crop type, phylogenetic distance to neighbor), and environmental context (climate, experimental design) contribute to variation in the outcomes of associational effects.</p> <p>3. Overall, bicultures provided a strong reduction of insect abundance on the focal crop. Climate and interactions between herbivore traits, particularly diet breadth and origin, and plant traits or environmental context mediated the strength of associational effects.</p> <p>4. Bicultures provided the strongest reductions in insect abundance at low latitudes and this effect decreased at higher latitudes, but only for insects with certain traits. Abundance of generalist herbivores and globally distributed pests tended to be most strongly negatively affected by bicultures, under certain contexts, whereas specialist herbivores and native pests were less affected by neighbors.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and application. This meta-analysis highlights that variability in AE is determined in part by the interactive effects of herbivore traits and environmental context and provides guidance for incorporating beneficial ecological interactions into integrated pest management strategies.</p>
Global burden of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the cystic fibrosis population: A systematic review and meta-analysis
<p><span><strong>Background</strong>:</span><span> People living with cystic fibrosis have an increased risk of lung infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), which is reportedly increasing. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to estimate the burden (prevalence and incidence) of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the cystic fibrosis population. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: Electronic databases, registries, and grey literature sources were searched for cohort and cross-sectional studies reporting epidemiological measures (incidence and prevalence) of NTM infection or NTM pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) in cystic fibrosis. The last search was conducted in September 2021; we included reports since database creation and registry reports published since 2010. The methodological quality of studies was appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the prevalence of NTM infection, and the remaining results are presented in a narrative synthesis. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: Ninety-five studies were included in this review. All 95 studies reported on NTM infection, and 14 of these also reported on NTM-PD. The pooled estimate for the point prevalence of NTM infection was 7.9% (CI 95%, 5.1–12.0%). In meta-regression, sample size and geographical location of the study modified the estimate. Longitudinal analysis of registry reports showed an increasing trend in NTM infection prevalence between 2010 and 2019. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The overall prevalence of NTM infection in CF is 7.9% and is increasing over time based on international registry reports. Future studies should report screening frequency, microbial identification methods, and incidence rates of progression from NTM infection to pulmonary disease.</span></p>
Early-life food stress hits females harder than males in insects: a meta-analysis of sex differences in environmental sensitivity
<p><span>Fitness consequences of early-life environmental conditions are often sex-specific, but corresponding evidence for invertebrates remains inconclusive. Here we use meta-analysis to evaluate sex-specific sensitivity to early-life nutritional conditions in insects. Using literature-derived data for 85 species with broad phylogenetic and ecological coverage, we show that </span><span>females are generally more sensitive to food stress than males. Stressful nutritional conditions during development typically lead to female-biased mortality and thus increasingly male-biased sex ratios of emerging adults. We further demonstrate that the general trend of higher sensitivity to food stress in females can primarily be attributed to their typically larger body size in insects and hence higher energy needs during development. By contrast, there is no consistent evidence of sex-biased sensitivity in sexually size-monomorphic species. Drawing conclusions regarding sex-biased sensitivity in species with male-biased size dimorphism remains to wait for the accumulation of relevant data. Our results suggest that environmental conditions leading to elevated juvenile mortality may potentially affect the performance of insect populations further by reducing the proportion of females among individuals reaching reproductive age. Accounting for sex-biased mortality is therefore essential to understanding the dynamics and demography of insect populations, not least importantly in the context of ongoing insect declines.</span></p>
Meta-analysis on Stakeholder Engagement in the Co-Production of Knowledge for Environmental Decision-making
<p>This dataset corresponds to a meta-analysis to examine the peer-reviewed scholarship on stakeholder engagement in co-production processes in environmental decision-making.</p> <p>The dataset was developed by searching keywords, abstracts, and titles in Scopus on three key themes: co-production, transdisciplinary, and community-based participatory research. A total of 709 publications were reviewed, from which 144 met the selection criterion. The 144 articles constitute this dataset. They pertain to articles published between January 2005 and June 2020.</p> <p>The data includes information on the following topics:</p> <ol> <li>Number of unique case studies reported</li> <li>The projects’ time span</li> <li>When stakeholder engagement activities occur during the project cycle</li> <li>Are stakeholders (non-university researchers) an author</li> <li>Geographic region of project</li> <li>Environmental issues addressed</li> <li>Geographic scale of project </li> <li>Types of stakeholders engaged </li> <li>How stakeholders were engaged</li> <li>What output resulted from stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Approach to stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Factors that enabled stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Barriers or challenges to engagement</li> <li>Societal impacts associated with stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Direct evidence of societal impacts of stakeholder engagement</li> </ol> <p>The methods and analysis are presented in "Stakeholder Engagement in the Co-Production of Knowledge for Environmental Decision-making," which was submitted for publication in 2022 to the Journal <em>World Development</em>. A draft of the manuscript can be provided upon request to authors.</p>
Meta-analysis and critical review of trophic discrimination factors (Δ13C and Δ15N): importance of tissue, trophic level, and diet source
<ol> <li>Robustly quantifying dietary resource use and trophic position using stable isotopes requires accurate trophic discrimination factors (TDF; Δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>15</sup>N for carbon and nitrogen, respectively), defined as the isotopic difference between consumer and diet. Early TDF studies converged on values of around 1.0‰ for Δ<sup>13</sup>C and 3.4‰ for Δ<sup>15</sup>N, but more recent work indicates that TDF values may be more nuanced, depending on taxa, tissues, trophic level, and diets. Yet, the relative importance of these factors remains unclear.</li> <li>Focusing on vertebrates (birds, fish, herptiles, and mammals), we conducted a literature review of 279 studies that estimated TDF values and used a Bayesian framework to determine how tissue type, trophic level, and diet source influence variation in Δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>15</sup>N. Additionally, we reviewed 358 trophic ecology studies to determine if studies accounted for these factors during their TDF selection process.</li> <li>For Δ<sup>13</sup>C, vertebrates showed consistent patterns among tissue types (likely influenced by amino acid composition) and between trophic levels and diet sources (likely a result of dietary protein content and metabolic routing). Comparatively, for Δ<sup>15</sup>N, vertebrates showed considerable variation among tissue types and trophic levels, likely due to differences in tissue synthesis and physiological capabilities. Overall, Δ<sup>13</sup>C ranged from -5.1‰ to 9.1‰ and Δ<sup>15</sup>N from -3.3‰ to 9.7‰, underscoring that 1.0‰ for Δ<sup>13</sup>C and 3.4‰ for Δ<sup>15</sup>N are not universally appropriate. Moreover, both Δ<sup>13</sup>C and Δ<sup>15</sup>N varied by more than 9‰ within a single species and tissue type, demonstrating that using TDF values from the same, or similar, species may not be appropriate if diet and trophic level are not considered.</li> <li>Despite the importance of diet source on TDF values, most trophic ecology studies did not account for it. Further, most fish studies relied on literature review values that failed to account for tissue type, trophic level, and diet source. To aid ecologists in diet and trophic assessments of vertebrates, we used our meta-analysis to model taxon-specific TDF estimates (mean ± SD) for each tissue type, trophic level, and diet source combination. These more refined TDF values should improve ecological assessments that use stable isotopes.</li> </ol>
Data from: Biological clocks as age estimation markers in animals: a review and meta-analysis
<p>Complete dataset of Methylation and Telomere studies searched, retrieved, analysed, extracted and compared in the review and meta-analysis "<strong>Biological clocks as age estimation markers in animals: a review and meta-analysis".</strong></p>
Transcriptome-wide meta-analysis of codon usage in Escherichia coli
<p>Data generated by the CUBseq pipeline on Escherichia coli RNA-seq data.</p>
Host-pathogen interactions under pressure: a review and meta-analysis of stress-mediated effects on disease dynamics
<p>Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created novel stressors, altering host-pathogen interactions, and changing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Despite the ubiquity of such anthropogenic impacts, predicting the directionality of outcomes has proven challenging. Here, we conduct a review and meta-analysis to determine the primary mechanisms through which stressors affect host-pathogen interactions and to evaluate the impacts stress has on host fitness (survival and fecundity) and pathogen infectivity (prevalence and intensity). We assessed 891 effect sizes from 71 host species (representing seven taxonomic groups) and 78 parasite taxa from 98 studies. We found that infected and uninfected hosts had similar sensitivity to stressors and that responses varied according to stressor type. Specifically, limited resources compromised host fecundity and decreased pathogen intensity, while abiotic environmental stressors (e.g., temperature and salinity) decreased host survivorship and increased pathogen intensity, and pollution increased mortality but decreased pathogen prevalence. We then used our meta-analysis results to develop Susceptible-Infected theoretical models to illustrate scenarios where infection rates are expected to increase or decrease in response to resource limitation or environmental stress gradients. Our results carry implications for conservation and disease emergence and reveal areas for future work. </p>
A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution, and biological production
<p><span>Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been described, such as ridge multilayers, gyroids, and lower lamina thin films. While the optical mechanisms of these nanostructure classes are known, their phylogenetic distributions and functional ranges have not been described in detail. In this Review, we examine a century of research on the biological production of structural colors, including their evolution, development, and genetic regulation. We also create a database of more than 300 optical nanostructures in butterflies and conduct a meta-analysis of the color range, abundance, and phylogenetic distribution of each nanostructure class. Butterfly structural colors are ubiquitous in short wavelengths but extremely rare in long wavelengths, especially red. In particular, blue wavelengths (around 450 nm) occur in more clades and are produced by more kinds of nanostructures than other hues. Nanostructure categories differ in prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, color range, and brightness. For example, lamina thin films are the least bright; perforated lumen multilayers occur most often but are almost entirely restricted to the family Lycaenidae; and 3D photonic crystals, including gyroids, have the narrowest wavelength range (from about 450 to 550 nm). We discuss the implications of these patterns in terms of nanostructure evolution, physical constraint, and relationships to pigmentary color. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research, such as analyses of subadult and Hesperid structural colors and the identification of genes that directly build the nanostructures, with relevance for biomimetic engineering.</span></p>
The ePEStemology database: a meta-analysis of 15 years of research on knowledge claims of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a leading conservation finance tool to encourage land-users to deliver ecosystem services in exchange for financial incentives (Blundo-Canto et al., 2018; Kaiser et al., 2021; Salzman et al., 2018; Schomers and Matzdorf, 2013). They have generated considerable interest over the past two decades, following the publication of the UN’s Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005). Yet, there has been a dearth of analysis that reveals the outcomes and evolution of the PES research body itself, with most studies having a very specific or limited focus on the theoretical and empirical development of these PES programmes. The ePEStemology database assembles a systematic literature review into a meta-analysis aimed at understanding knowledge generation in PES research. The database allows for an analysis of key trends in how the body of literature on PES has informed scholars and practitioners since the emergence of this conservation tool.</p> <p><strong>Research questions and main objectives:</strong></p> <p>The ePEStemology database is the largest review of PES scientific research to date and addresses the following research questions:</p> <ul> <li>In the history of 15 years of PES research, what are the dominant criteria used to define and assess success of PES in practice? Are there geographical patterns in defining those criteria? Where does research take place? And by whom?</li> <li>What does 15 years of PES research illustrate in terms of the social and political consequences that arise in the implementation of PES? To what extent does literature engage with territorial dynamics and conflicting frameworks around nature’s values?</li> <li>How has PES research evolved? Do research recommendations feed into future research objectives over time?</li> <li>How does the epistemological position, including methods used, geographic location and disciplinary focus of authors among other variables, influence PES research outcomes?</li> </ul> <p>A core objective of the database is to ensure it remains a living compendium of PES research. While the database does not account for every peer-reviewed published article on PES, it facilitates the possibility of iteratively adding new publications or retroactively adding in missing articles as well as those that use cognate terms to define PES (e.g. as rewards or compensation for ecosystem services). The database also aims to serve as an important basis for future research questions on overall or regional trends emerging from PES research.</p> <p><strong>Search strategy</strong></p> <p>Using these key objectives and questions, we defined a set of variables (see attached) and search strategy to construct the ‘ePEStemology’ database. The database is populated by International Scientific Indexed (ISI) peer-reviewed journal articles. It includes Anglophone articles in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), using all of the search terms “PES”, “Payments for Ecosystem Services,” “Payment for Ecosystem Services,” “Payment for Environmental Service,” or Payments for Environmental Services” either in the title, abstract, or keywords of queried articles. </p> <p>Articles were excluded if they were produced in a language other than English or if they were book chapters, books, conference papers, reviews, or webpages. While recognizing the caveats of excluding research articles in other languages as well as in other media (e.g. as books or conference papers), we justify our approach in order to ensure consistency and comparability of the body of research literature.</p> <p>Following the different steps prescribed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol (Moher et al., 2009), we identified a total of 1,067 published articles between 2005 and 2019. We took the year 2005 as the starting point for published research on PES, following the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005) of the same year as well as an initial seminal publication on the subject (Wunder, 2005). Initial screening of articles began in September, 2018 with a total of 1,215 ISI-peer reviewed research articles on PES identified between both the Scopus and WoS queries. Additional articles were included to account for the year 2019 in October, 2020 to total 1,439 articles.</p> <p>It is also worth noting that Scopus providing the greatest coverage of published articles on PES, accounting for 78% of the total identified. WoS accounted for 66% of the total, but also included 305 articles that did not fall within the Scopus search.</p> <p>The screening procedure for selecting articles was contingent on the time in which the search in SCOPUS and WoS were conducted. It should be noted that this systematic review does not account for every ISI-research article published on PES during the time period considered. Since the database search tools are continuously updated retroactively, the query date may alter the number of articles retrieved in the search, increasing them over time despite being limited to specific dates. However, even if the database gets adapted over time, we can safely assume that the corpus represents a representative account of peer-reviewed published research on PES. In addition to the language exclusions made (i.e. our database only includes Anglophone publications), there are various permutations on the PES terminology, including “payments for hydrological services,” “payments for watershed services”, “conservation payments,” “rewards for ecosystem services,” or “agro-ecological incentives,” and many others that make it challenging to fully account for every relevant article. However, the protocol does not include all these possible variations, but can easily allow these variations to be included and brought into the analysis at a later stage.</p> <p><strong>Coding strategy</strong></p> <p>For the initial database (2005-2019) four independent reviewers to review each abstract and full text of each article were selected (BT, CJ, GVH, VK). Each reviewer had experience in (empirical) PES research and have published peer-reviewed research on PES or other market-like transactions for ecosystem services (e.g. Tabaichount et al., 2019; Jacob et al., 2016; Van Hecken et al., 2015; Kolinjivadi and Sunderland, 2012). Broad variables of interest that guide our analysis (e.g. research objectives, disciplines, methods, author affiliations and positionality, geographical base, research outcomes, and others) served as the basis for coding. However, in order to establish a foundation of codes for each of these categories of interest and further refine each of those broader categories, the research team randomly selected 100 articles of the final 1,067 articles identified and applied a grounded theory open-coding process (e.g. Strauss and Corbin, 1990; Thornberg and Charmaz, 2014). The latter implies a process in which any preconceived identification for each category of interest was open to be further adapted prior to the final coding process. The iterative process of initial coding determined the most relevant sets of codes for each identified variable of interest, as well as possible values for each of them. Additional codes were added to the list as more articles were reviewed and until saturation was reached.</p> <p>After discussing and deciding on the final categories/variables with the whole group, all remaining articles in the corpus were evenly and randomly divided among all reviewers. On average, each of the four reviewers coded between 500 and 600 articles. </p> <p>Subsequently, and for over a period of 15 months, the coding team revised and coded all articles based on the abstracts and a review of the full text in case the abstract did not allow to accurately code some of the variables. Each article was independently (blindly) coded by two different reviewers. To ensure robustness of coding, pairs of reviewers for each set compared results of the coding process for each article through a triangulation process and resolved discrepancies through collective deliberation and cross-checked consensus.</p> <p><strong>Variable list</strong></p> <p>The variable list and description of variables and their corresponding values can be found in the attached Word-document</p>
Intraspecific diversity poorly predicts invasibility and invasiveness in communities: A meta-analysis of experimental invasions
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Data from: Broad-scale meta-analysis of drivers mediating adverse impacts of flow regulation on riparian vegetation
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Eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity in plants: a meta-analysis
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Data from: Genetic effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on remnant animal and plant populations: a meta-analysis
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Meta-analysis shows forest soil CO2 effluxes are dependent on the disturbance regime and biome type
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Data from: Controlled drainage and subirrigation suitability in the United States: A meta-analysis of crop yield and soil moisture effects
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Data from: Which traits optimize plant benefits? Meta-analysis on the effect of partner traits on the outcome of an ant-plant protective mutualism
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Data from: Assessing the association between animal color and behavior: A meta-analysis of experimental studies
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Data from: Worldwide impacts of landscape anthropization on mosquito abundance and diversity: a meta-analysis
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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