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Fig. 37 in Morphology, Ciliary Pattern and Molecular Phylogeny of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 (Litostomatea, Haptoria, Spathidiida)

Fig. 37. Hypothesis for the morphological evolution of trachelophyllids from a Spathidium-like ancestor via an Enchelyodon-like stage. Arrowheads mark the monokinetidal tail of brush row 3. B3 – dorsal brush row 3, CK – circumoral kinety, OB – oral bulge.

Figs 21–32 in Morphology, Ciliary Pattern and Molecular Phylogeny of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 (Litostomatea, Haptoria, Spathidiida)

Figs 21–32. Trachelophyllum brachypharynx, Korean specimens in vivo (21–24, 27–29) and after protargol impregnation (25, 26, 30–32). 21, 27, 28, 30 – overview showing the narrowly fusiform body, the nuclear apparatus composed of two macronuclear nodules, and the turbid cytoplasm packed with many small granules and some lipid droplets; 22, 24, 25 – detail of the anterior body end showing the pin-shaped to conical oral bulge studded with extrusomes; 23 – extrusomes are about 30 µm long in vivo and are filiform with pointed and slightly curved ends; 26 – the nuclear apparatus is typically composed of two ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules that are distinctly separate and connected by a fine strand. The arrowhead denotes an ellipsoidal micronucleus; 29 – detail of the rear body end showing the single posterior contractile vacuole and hat-shaped lepidosomes (arrowhead) forming a mucilaginous layer around the cell; 31 – dorsal view of the ciliary pattern in the anterior body portion of a typical specimen. The dorsal brush is composed of two isostichad dikinetidal rows and a single monokinetidal row; 32 – dorsal view of the ciliary pattern in the anterior body portion of a malformed specimen whose brush row 3 also commences with a dikinetidal part (arrowheads) similar to the first two brush rows. B1–3 – dorsal brush row 1–3, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, F – fiber, FM – fecal mass, MA – macronuclear nodules, OB – oral bulge, SK – somatic kinety. Scale bars: 10 µm (29), 30 µm (22, 26, 31, 32), 50 µm (24, 25), and 100 µm (21, 27, 28, 30).

Fig. 33 in Morphology, Ciliary Pattern and Molecular Phylogeny of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 (Litostomatea, Haptoria, Spathidiida)

Fig. 33. Bayesian inference (BI) tree inferred from 1476 nucleotide characters of 69 litostomatean taxa under the GTR + I (= 0.5960) + Г (= 0.4870) evolutionary substitution model. Results from maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap analysis are mapped onto the Bayesian phylogenetic tree. A dash indicates a mismatch in the branching pattern. The scale bar indicates three substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Fig. 35 in Morphology, Ciliary Pattern and Molecular Phylogeny of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 (Litostomatea, Haptoria, Spathidiida)

Fig. 35. Original drawing of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx, length 350–400 µm (from Levander 1894). Fig. 36. Redrawing of T. brachypharynx, length 400 µm (from Kahl 1930).

Fig. 34. Phylogenetic network inferred from 1,476 in Morphology, Ciliary Pattern and Molecular Phylogeny of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 (Litostomatea, Haptoria, Spathidiida)

Fig. 34. Phylogenetic network inferred from 1,476 nucleotide characters of 69 litostomatean taxa, using the NeighborNet algorithm and the uncorrected distances. Numbers along the edges indicate bootstrap support values coming from 1,000 replicates. Only bootstraps> 50% and relevant to this study are shown. The scale bar indicates three substitutions per one thousand nucleotide positions.

Figs 1–20 in Morphology, Ciliary Pattern and Molecular Phylogeny of Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 (Litostomatea, Haptoria, Spathidiida)

Figs 1–20. Trachelophyllum brachypharynx, Korean specimens in vivo (1–4, 8, 10–16) and after protargol impregnation (5–7, 9, 17–20). 1 – ventral view of a representative specimen; 2–4 – the pin-shaped oral bulge becomes conical in contracted specimens; 5 – ventral view of the ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a typical specimen; 6, 7 – dorsal view of the ciliary pattern in the anterior body portion of a normal (6) and abnormal (7) specimen. Typically, only brush row 1 and 2 are composed of dikinetids, while brush row 3 is monokinetidal throughout. In the abnormal specimen, brush row 3 also commences with a dikinetidal part but the brush is deformed (asterisk); 8, 9 – extrusomes are about 30 µm long in vivo and are filiform with pointed and slightly curved ends (8). When weakly impregnated, they display some small darker granules; 10 – lepidosomes are hat-shaped and about 4 × 3.7 µm in size; 11 – detail of the anterior body portion showing the conical oral bulge, the long filiform extrusomes, and the hat-shaped lepidosomes; 12 – the dorsal brush consists of three-rows. The first two rows are dikinetidal and bear 5 µm long, slightly inflated bristles, while the third row is monokinetidal and associated with 1 µm long stumps; 13–20 – variability in body shape and size as well as nuclear apparatus. Drawn to scale. B1–3 – dorsal brush row 1–3, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, F – fiber, L – lepidosomes, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronucleus, OB – oral bulge, SC – somatic cilia. Scale bars: 50 µm (6, 7) and 100 µm (1, 5, 13–20).

Fig. 4 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Fig. 4. Majority consensus tree from Bayesian inference using nuclear SSU rDNA sequences. Anteholosticha rectangula is indicated in bold in the tree. Posterior probabilities of Bayesian inference (BI) and bootstrap values of maximum likelihood (ML) are presented on each interior branch. Dashes denote a value showing less than half of the full posterior probability or bootstrap value. Scale bar indicates two base substitutions per one hundred nucleotides.

Figs 3A–H in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Figs 3A–H. Photomicrographs of Anteholosticha rectangula after protargol impregnation. A and B – holotype specimen, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, arrow denotes pretransverse cirrus; C – dorsal view showing dorsal kineties, arrows denote two dikinetids anterior of right marginal cirral row; D and E – ventral views of anterior body showing buccal, frontal, frontoterminal, and midventral cirri; F–H – ventral views showing variation of the nuclear apparatus. DK1–3 – dorsal kineties 1–3, FC – frontal cirri, FTC – frontoterminal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodules, Mi – micronuclei. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figs 2A–J in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Figs 2A–J. Photomicrographs of Anteholosticha rectangula in vivo. A–C – representative individuals showing contractile vacuole (arrows) and ciliatures; D – nuclear apparatus, E–G – cortical granules in ventral (E) and dorsal (F, G) views; H–J – ventral views showing oral apparatus; arrows in I and J show buccal lip and buccal seal, respectively. CG – cortical granules, DB – dorsal bristles, Ma – macronuclear nodules, Mi – micronuclei, RMC – right marginal cirri, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 100 μm (A, C, D), 5 μm (G), 10 μm (H, I).

Figs 1A–I in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Anteholosticha rectangula sp. nov. from King George Island, Maritime Antarctica

Figs 1A–I. Drawings of Anteholosticha rectangula in vivo (A, D–G, I) and after protargol impregnation (B, C, H). A – ventral view of a representative specimen; B and C – ventral and dorsal views of holotype, arrows show two dikinetids; D–G – cortical granules on dorsal (D, G) and ventral sides (E, F); H – nuclear apparatus, showing variation in number and morphology; I – contractile vacuole. CG – cortical granules, CV – contractile vacuole, DB – dorsal bristles, DK1–3 – dorsal kineties 1–3, FTC – frontoterminal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodules, Mi – micronuclei, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 μm.

Fig. 3 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Marine Planktonic Dinoflagellate Oxytoxum and Corythodinium (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae)

Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Oxytoxum scolopax and Corythodinium spp. with other dinoflagellates inferred from SSU rDNA sequences based on 1,654 aligned positions. The species newly sequenced in this study are highlighted in bold. The numbers at each node represent bootstrap support (only values above 50% are indicated). The scale bar represents inferred evolutionary distance in substitutions/site.

Figs 15–17 in Microsporidia in a Woodland Pool I. Lanatospora costata sp. n. (Opisthosporidia, Microsporidia), Parasite of Megacyclops viridis (Crustacea, Copepoda): Fine Structure and Molecular Phylogeny

Figs 15–17. Lanatospora costata, parasite of Megacyclops viridis, structure of spores as seen in SEM and TEM. 15 – Spore surface ornamentation as seen by SEM. Note that the exospore ribs form a complex armour on the spore surface. Scale bar: 1 µm. 16 – Detail of the polaroplast lamellae (pl) in the apical part of the spore, pf – polar filament. Scale bar: 200 nm. 17 – Details of the polar filament coils (pf) in cross section. Scale bar: 500 nm.

Figure S1 in Molecular Phylogeny of the Marine Planktonic Dinoflagellate Oxytoxum and Corythodinium (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae)

Figure S1. Light micrographs of isolated cells of Oxytoxum and Corythodinium for molecular analysis.

Figs 2A–N in Molecular Phylogeny of the Marine Planktonic Dinoflagellate Oxytoxum and Corythodinium (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae)

Figs 2A–N. Light micrographs of Oxytoxum and Corythodinium from Brazil. A – Oxytoxum scolopax, isolated cell FG11. B – O. scolopax and C. tessellatum. C–D – C. tessellatum. C – Isolated cell FG9. E–H – Dividing cells of C. tessellatum. H – Isolated cell FG40. I – C. tessellatum and C. constrictum. J – Diving cells of C. constrictum. K–L – Corythodinium frenguellii. K – Isolated cell FG7. L – Isolated cell FG8. M–N – C. cristatum from the open South Atlantic Ocean, isolated cell FG28. M – The inset focuses on the antapical spine. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 19 in Microsporidia in a Woodland Pool I. Lanatospora costata sp. n. (Opisthosporidia, Microsporidia), Parasite of Megacyclops viridis (Crustacea, Copepoda): Fine Structure and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 19. The woodland pool near Přerov nad Labem, Central Bohemia Region, Czech Republic (50°167′N, 14°810′E), the type habitat of Lanatospora costata sp. n.

Figs 1A–O in Molecular Phylogeny of the Marine Planktonic Dinoflagellate Oxytoxum and Corythodinium (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae)

Figs 1A–O. Light micrographs of Oxytoxum and Corythodinium from the Mediterranean Sea. A–E – O. scolopax from Banyuls sur Mer. B–C, E, J – Epifluorescence microscopy. B, E, J – Note the autofluorescence of the chloroplasts. C – Nucleus stained by DAPI. F – Dividing cells of O. sceptrum. G–H – C. constrictum from Villefranche sur Mer. I–L – C. tessellatum from Banyuls sur Mer. K–L – Empty thecae. M – C. frenguellii from Villefranche sur Mer. N–O – C. cristatum from Villefranche sur Mer. The insets show the antapical spine. n – nucleus. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Fig. 7 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Numbers at the nodes represent the bootstrap values of ML analyses and posterior probability of BI analyses. Fully supported (100%/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. Asterisk (*) represents support values less than 50% and the disagreement between BI and the reference ML tree. The scale bar corresponds to two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. The newly sequenced species in the present study is shown in bold.

Fig. 4 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 4. Divisional morphogenesis in Tachysoma pellionellum (after protargol staining). (A, B) Ventral views of an early divider. Note the basal bodies in the oral primordium forming an elongated field; arrowheads show the postoral ventral cirri which remain intact only for a short time. (C, D) Ventral views of an early divider. Arrowheads show the developing FVT-anlagen. (E, F) Ventral and dorsal view of a divider in early divisional stage. In E, arrow marks the old paroral which is dedifferentiating, double-arrowheads shows the UM-anlage formed to the right of the oral primordium as a long streak of basal bodies and arrowhead indicates the right marginal row anlagen developing intrakinetally; in F, arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4 in the dividing cell. (G, H) Ventral and dorsal view of a divider in early divisional stage. In G, arrows show the first frontal cirri separating from the undulating membranes anlagen; arrowheads mark the left marginal row anlagen developing intrakinetally; in H, arrows show the intrakinetal formation of the dorsal kineties anlagen 4 in the dividing cell. DKA, dorsal kineties anlagen; II–VI, frontoventral–transverse cirral anlagen; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronucleus; OP, oral primordium; RMA, right marginal anlage. Scale bars: 15 µm (A, C) and 35 µm (B, D, E–H).

Fig. 1 in Systematic Studies on the Hypotrich Ciliate, Tachysoma pellionellum (Müller, 1773) Borror, 1972 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Integrative Analyses: Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 1. Map of North America (the background from Google earth) showing the sampling sites. (A, B) Map showing Stone Mountain State Park, North Carolina, USA. (C, D), where Tachysoma pellionellum was collected.

Fig. 6 in Description of a New Brackish Water Ciliate, Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) Based on Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of Uronychia xinjiangensis n. sp. after protargol staining (A–I). (A–C) Opisthe's oral primordium at early dividers. (D) Proter's oral primordium. (E, F) Fontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen of early dividers. (G) A later divider showing the completion of development of oral primordium and cirral anlagen, arrows and arrow show newly formed ventral and frontal cirri respectively in the opisthe. (H, I) The same late divider showing the posterior part of adoral zone of membranelles (arrowheads) and the longest dorsal kinety 3 (arrows). AZM1, the anterior part of adoral zone of membranelles; CA, cirral anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; LMC, left marginal cirri; OP, opisthe's oral primordium; POP, proter's oral primordium; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 μm.