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opennotspecifiedAug 2013View details →

Figure 2 in Phylogeny, phylogeography, and systematics of the American pea crab genus Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, inferred from molecular markers

Figure 2. Bayesian (BAY) tree for Calyptraeotheres species, Tumidotheres maculatus, Dissodactylus crinitichelis, and selected outgroups (Austinixa aidae and Austinixa patagoniensis) based on the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and large ribosomal subunit (16S) concatenated data set. Values represent bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probabilities (maximum likelihood/maximum parsimony/BAY) expressed as percentages. Values ³ 50% are not shown. The Calyptraeotheres subdivision proposed by Hernández-Ávila & Campos (2006) is highlighted in grey.

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) sequence alignment under a transversional of invariable sites and gamma-shaped distribution model TVM + I + G model. Posterior probabilities more than 65% are given for appropriate clades; bootstrap values greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades in the maximum likelihood analysis. Sequences newly obtained in this study in this study are in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 7 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 7. Factor analysis of 11 morphometric characters used to characterize Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema pachtaicum-subgroup species. Left-hand side of panels: projection of morphometric characters on the plane of factors 1 and 2 (A), 1 and 3 (B), 1 and 4 (C), and 2 and 3 (D). Abbreviations: L, body length; V, (distance from anterior end to vulva/body length) × 100; OaGR, oral aperture-guiding ring distance; Lip, lip region width; Tail, female tail length; Hyaline, hyaline region length; a, body length/maximum body width; b, body length/pharyngeal length; c, body length/tail length; c′, tail length/body width at anus.

Figure 6 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 6. Light micrographs of Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. A, B, entire female and male, respectively. C–F, female neck region. G, pharyngeal bulb. H, vulval region. I–K, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. L, M, male tail region, ventromedian supplements arrowed. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A, B = 200 μm; C–M = 20 μm.

Figure 4 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 4. Light micrographs of Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. A, entire female. B, E, female neck region. C, D, F, female lip region. G, vulval region. H–M, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. N–O, male tail, ventromedian supplements arrowed. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B–O = 20 μm.

Figure 3 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 3. Light micrographs of Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov. A, entire female. B, female neck region. C, D, female lip region. E, vulval region. F–K, female tail regions from different specimens showing the morphological variability. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; V, vulva. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–K = 20 μm.

Figure 8 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 8. Factor analysis of 11 morphometric characters used to characterize Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov., Xiphinema vallense sp. nov., and Xiphinema pachtaicum-subgroup species. Projection of Xiphinema americanum- group species on the plane of factor 1 and 2 (A), 1 and 3 (B), 1 and 4 (C), and 2 and 3 (D).

Figure 1 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 1. Line drawings of: A–D, Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov.; E–H, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov.; I–L, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov. A, E, I, female lip regions. B–D, F, G, J, K, female tail regions. H, L, male tail regions.

Figure 2 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 2. Line drawings of pharyngeal bulb and anterior genital branch of: A, B, Xiphinema plesiopachtaicum sp. nov.; C, D, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov.; E, F, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov.

Figure 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 10. Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema americanum-group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) rRNA sequence alignment under the general timereversible and gamma-shaped distribution model. Posterior probabilities more than 65% are given for appropriate clades; bootstrap values greater than 50% are given on appropriate clades in the maximum likelihood analysis. Sequences newly obtained in this study are in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 5 in Cryptic diversity and species delimitation in the Xiphinema americanum-group complex (Nematoda: Longidoridae) as inferred from morphometrics and molecular markers

Figure 5. Relationship between body length and functional and replacement odontostyle (Ost and rOst, respectively) length in all developmental stages from first-stage juveniles (J1) to mature females of: A, Xiphinema vallense sp. nov. and B, Xiphinema astaregiense sp. nov.

opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

FIGURE 1 in New Earthworm Record from Division Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Supported by Molecular Markers

FIGURE 1: External morphological features of Perelia kaznakovi. A= prostomium, B= chaetal arrangement, C= dorsal pore, D= clitellum, E= male pore, F= tubercula pubertatis

opennotspecifiedMar 2023View details →

FIGURE 3 in New Earthworm Record from Division Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Supported by Molecular Markers

FIGURE 3: Fifty percent majority-rule consensus tree. It shows the phylogenetic relationships of Perelia kaznakovi obtained by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequence of molecular markers COI–16S-12S–ND1–28S. Posterior probability support values are shown beside the corresponding nodes. The bottom bar shows the scale of the branch lengths.

openMay 2023View details →

Molecular markers used to test brassica oleracea for resistance to downy mildew

<p>Molecular markers used to test brassica oleracea for resistance to downy mildew</p>

Fig. 5 in L-DOPA synthesis in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is regulated by polyphenol oxidase and not CYP 450/tyrosine hydroxylase: An analysis of metabolic pathway using biochemical and molecular markers

Fig. 5. The amplicons generated using degenerate primer approach. (a) Lane M-DNA ladder, Lane 1–250 bp amplicon generated using MTH –F and MTH-R primer pairs of TH gene (b) Lane M-DNA ladder, Lane 1 and 2–800 bp amplicon using primers deduced from the peptide sequence derived through LCMS/MS.

Fig. 4 in L-DOPA synthesis in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is regulated by polyphenol oxidase and not CYP 450/tyrosine hydroxylase: An analysis of metabolic pathway using biochemical and molecular markers

Fig. 4. Effect of enzyme inhibitors on L-DOPA production in callus cultures of M. pruriens was estimated using HPTLC. The culture without inhibitor was treated as negative control and cultures with different concentration of the inhibitor were the test samples. (Control-untreated, C = Cimetidine at 1.98 μM and 19.8 μM; Q = Quinidine at 1.46 μM and 14.6 μM; A = L-ascorbic acid at 567 μM and 851 μM; K = Kojic acid at 703 μM and 1055 μM).

Fig. 3 in L-DOPA synthesis in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is regulated by polyphenol oxidase and not CYP 450/tyrosine hydroxylase: An analysis of metabolic pathway using biochemical and molecular markers

Fig. 3. Effect of substrate concentration on partially purified enzymes. The assay was performed for PPO activity with 50 mM catechol as substrate at pH 6.0 while keeping the temperature for reaction at 30 ◦ C. For TH activity, 30 mM L-tyrosine was the substrate and assay done at pH 7.0 and 25 ◦ C.

Fig. 2 in L-DOPA synthesis in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is regulated by polyphenol oxidase and not CYP 450/tyrosine hydroxylase: An analysis of metabolic pathway using biochemical and molecular markers

Fig. 2. Effect of pH on the activity of partially purified enzymes from Mucuna pruriens. The assay was performed using 50 mM catechol and 30 mM L-tyrosine as substrates for the PPO and TH enzyme activity, respectively. Four different buffers with their optimal buffering capacity in the pH range of 3–10 were used in separate assays.

Fig. 7 in L-DOPA synthesis in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is regulated by polyphenol oxidase and not CYP 450/tyrosine hydroxylase: An analysis of metabolic pathway using biochemical and molecular markers

Fig. 7. Homology modelling and secondary structure prediction of PPO enzyme from Mucuna pruriens (a) Predicted secondary structure of PPO (b) Phyre2 protein model for PPO with 3D model dimensions (in Å) (X:49.941 Y:64.463 Z:57.979). Image colored by rainbow N → C terminus (c) Three dimensional SWISS protein model for PPO enzyme with two active copper binding ligands (copper ions bridging oxygen moiety is illustrated as small yellow spheres highlighted in the box), conserved histidine residues and metal complex interactions (in dotted lines). Chain A for Ligand 1: H.183, H.204, H.213, F.367, H.371; metal interactions: A:H.183, A:H.204, A:H.213. Chain A for Ligand 2: H.337, H.341, F.367, H.370, H.371; metal interactions: A:H.337, A:H.341, A:H.371). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. The 1800 in L-DOPA synthesis in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. is regulated by polyphenol oxidase and not CYP 450/tyrosine hydroxylase: An analysis of metabolic pathway using biochemical and molecular markers

Fig. 6. The 1800 bp amplicon of full-length PPO cDNA obtained after deducing the 5′and 3′ ends through RACE analysis. Lane 1- 1 Kb DNA marker, Lane 2 and 3 the amplicon in duplicate after amplification using gene specific primers.