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FIGURE 1 in Revision of the new world fauna of Mesembrina Meigen (Diptera: Muscidae) with the description of a new neotropical species

FIGURE 1. Males of M. decipiens (A, D, G), M. latreillii (B, E, H) and M. nigribasis (C, F, I). A–C. Whole habitus, lat-

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 13–18 in Mesodiplatys venado sp. nov. (Dermaptera: Diplatyidae), probable evidence of contact between Neotropical and Malagasy faunas

FIGURES 13–18. Mesodiplatys venado sp. nov. (holotype male). 13, 14) Head, thorax and proximal part of abdomen from above (13) and below (14). 15, 16) Middle (15) and hind (16) legs from lower (anterior) side. 17) Abdominal apex from above. 18) Male genitalia, general view from above.

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 1–12 in Mesodiplatys venado sp. nov. (Dermaptera: Diplatyidae), probable evidence of contact between Neotropical and Malagasy faunas

FIGURES 1–12. Mesodiplatys venado sp. nov. (holotype male). 1) Head, thorax and proximal part of abdomen from above. 2) Proximal part of right antenna. 3) Thoracic sternites from below. 4–6) Femora and tibiae of fore (4), middle (5) and hind (6) legs from lower (anterior) side. 7, 8) Abdominal apex from above (7) and right (8). 9) Penultimate sternite from below. 10–12) Male genitalia, general view from above (10), basal part of virga (11), metaparamere and apical part of proparamere from right (12). Dotted area shows dark color (4–6) or membranous parts (10). Scale bar (1 mm): a = 1, 2; b = 3; c = 4–6; d = 7, 8; e = 9; f = 10–12.

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 13. Male genitalia of Virbia medarda from French Guiana, Coralie track [ML dissection 3077]. A, ventral view with aedeagus in situ; B, ventral view; C, dorsalview; D, partial ventrolateral view; E, aedeagus dorsal view; F, aedeagus, lateral view. A–C, to scale shown in #B; D, enlarged; E–F to scale as shown in #E.

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 11. Virbia medarda from Trinidad and Tobago (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. A, ♂, Tobago, Speyside, MVL, 14–17.v.1982. B, ♂, Trinidad, Lalaja Ridge, MVL, 3.ix.1982. C, ♂, Trinidad, Caura Valley, Nr. Caura, MVL, 24.ix.1978. D, ♂, Trinidad, Arima Valley, Simla, MVL, 6.viii.1982. E, ♂, Trinidad, Arima Valley, Simla, MVL, 30.vii.1981. F, ♀, Trinidad, Pitch Lake, 28.viii.1982. G, ♀, Trinidad, Lalaja South Road, 1.5 milestone, 29.viii.1978. All to scale, x 1.5.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 6. Cramer's published figures of female Trichromia onytes (Cramer [1777], plate 165E) (edited from Biodiversity Heritage Library) and male T. psamas (Cramer [1779], p. 72, plate 234G) (edited from an original copy).

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 9. Male genitalia of Trichromia onytes onytes morph (ML3370) (above) and T. onytes psamas morph (ML3371) (below) from French Guiana, Kaw Road. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D, aedeagus lateral views. All to scale as shown.

FIGURE 3. Castrica oweni from Trinidad. A, B in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 3. Castrica oweni from Trinidad. A, B male, Curepe, MVL, 4.x.1979 [MJWC], dorsal and ventral view. C, D female, Morne Bleu Textel Installation, at light, 3.viii.1978 [MJWC], dorsal and ventral view.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 2. Male genitalia of Castrica phalaenoides (above, Belize, ML3516) and C. oweni (= C. sordidior) (below, French Guiana, ML2845). A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view; D, right valve, internal view; E, aedeagus lateral view.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 7. Trichromia onytes from Trinidad (M.J.W. Cock) [MJWC]. A–B, psamas morph, dorsal and ventral views, Morne Bleu Textel Installation, at light, 20.ix.1978, 29 mm. C, onytes morph (dissected), dorsal view, Valencia Forest, MVL, 31.vii.1980, 30 mm. D, intermediate morph, dorsal view, Inniss Field, MVL, 17.v.1999, 31 mm. E–F, female onytes morph, dorsal and ventral views, Cumaca Road, 4.6 miles, MVL, 18.vii.1981, 31 mm. Not to scale; wingspans in legend.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 5. Additional un-named male forms of Pryteria costata. A, French Guiana, Apatou, PK 26, 1.x.2013, 126 m, [ML] 26 mm. B, French Guiana, Kaw Road, PK 38, 21.i.1996 [ML] 30 mm. C, Paraguay, Kanindeyu, Agr. Amiticio, 23.viii.2008 [ML] 31 mm. D, Trinidad, Arima Valley, Simla, MVL, 1.ii.1981 [MJWC] 37 mm. Not to scale; wingspans in legend.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic changes in the Neotropical Arctiinae, Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) relating to the fauna of Trinidad and Tobago

FIGURE 4. Holotypes, lectotypes and an original illustration of Pryteria spp. (see Table 1 for details). Seven types are in NHMUK (©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), two types are in USNM, one in OUNHM, and one in ZHMB (with permission). The image of P. costata was edited from Möschler (1883) downloaded from ZOBODAT (https://www.zobodat.at/publikation_volumes.php?id=28027).

FIGURES 6–14 in The Neotropical genus Lenkothrips (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae): additions to the faunas of Argentina and Brazil with an updated key to species

FIGURES 6–14. Lenkothrips moundi sp. n. (6) female; (7) antenna; (8) head; (9) pronotum; (10) meso- and metanotum; (11) abdominal tergite IV; (12) abdominal tergite VII; (13) sternite VII; (14) associated plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium.

FIGURES 1–5 in The Neotropical genus Lenkothrips (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae): additions to the faunas of Argentina and Brazil with an updated key to species

FIGURES 1–5. Lenkothrips canastra sp. n. (1) female; (2) antenna; (3) fore wing; (4) head, thorax and abdominal tergites I–II; (5) abdominal tergites III–X.

Figure 4 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 4. PCoA of the dissimilarity values for species compositions for each province from biogeographic regions and transitions zones (Andean region (AR), South American transition zone (SATZ), Neotropical region (NR), and Mexican transition zone (MTZ)) considering a. all data ('false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species'; n = 51 provinces) and b. only 'indigenous data' (n = 43 provinces). Points represent provinces. All provinces are connected to the centroid (larger points with black outline), representing the mean of ordination values from all provinces from that area. Points furthest from the rest are interconnected, forming a polygon representing the space occupied by that area in ordination space. The AR is represented by blue points, lines and polygon; SATZ by light green points, lines and polygon; NR by pink points, lines and polygon, and MTZ by purple points, lines and polygon.

Figure 3 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 3. Species accumulation curves for all data ('false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species'), and only 'indigenous data' for a. the Neotropical region (NR), b. the Andean region (AR), c. the South American transition zone (SATZ), and d. the Mexican transition zone (MTZ). Orange curves represent all data, violet curves represent only 'indigenous data', and shaded areas around them represent their 95% confidence interval. Each publication containing species records was considered a survey.

Figure 2 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 2. Map of all incidence records of freshwater and limnoterrestrial tardigrades, from 1908 to 2023, present in the Andean and Neotropical regions proposed by Morrone (2015) and Morrone et al. (2022), respectively. Orange circles with black outline represent records. The hierarchy of compartmentalisation is from highest to lowest level: region, transition zone, subregion, dominion, and province. Each level can be subdivided into multiple lower levels under their name (e.g., a region consisting of several subregions). Each biogeographic province is coloured according to its transition zone, subregion or dominion. The Neotropical region (NR), in this study, is composed of the Antillean subregion (ASR), Brazilian subregion (BSR) and Chacoan subregion (CSR). The BSR is composed of the Mesoamerican dominion (MD), Pacific dominion (PD), Boreal Brazilian dominion (BBD) and South Brazilian dominion (BBD). The CSR is composed of the Southeastern Amazonian dominion (SAD), Chacoan dominion (CD) and Paraná dominion (PD). The Andean region (AR), in this study, is composed of the Central Chilean subregion (CCSR), Subantarctic subregion (SSR) and Patagonian subregion (PSR). The acronym for each region, transition zone, subregion or dominion is presented next to its name.

Figure 1 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 1. Biogeographic compartmentalisation of provinces from the Andean and Neotropical regions proposed by Morrone (2015) and Morrone et al. (2022), respectively. The hierarchy of compartmentalisation is from highest to lowest level: region, transition zone, subregion, dominion, and province. Each level can be subdivided into multiple lower levels under their name (e.g., a region consisting of several subregions). Each biogeographic province is coloured according to its transition zone, subregion or dominion. The Neotropical region (NR), in this study, is composed of the Antillean subregion (ASR), Brazilian subregion (BSR) and Chacoan subregion (CSR). The BSR is composed of the Mesoamerican dominion (MD), Pacific dominion (PD), Boreal Brazilian dominion (BBD) and South Brazilian dominion (BBD). The CSR is composed of the Southeastern Amazonian dominion (SAD), Chacoan dominion (CD) and Paraná dominion (PD). The Andean region (AR), in this study, is composed of the Central Chilean subregion (CCSR), Subantarctic subregion (SSR) and Patagonian subregion (PSR). The acronym for each region, transition zone, subregion or dominion is presented next to its name. Under each subregion or dominion, the names of the comprising provinces are listed. The nature of the records present in each province is indicated by an icon of a coloured tardigrade next to its name: provinces without records of tardigrade species (red tardigrade), provinces with only records of 'false cosmopolitan species' (blue tardigrade), provinces with records of 'false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species' (orange tardigrade), and provinces with only records of 'indigenous species' (violet tardigrade). The tardigrade icon is in the public domain and was obtained from Phylopic (https://www.phylopic.org).

Figure 5 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 5. Tanglegram of consensus tree exhibiting the similarity between all biogeographic provinces from biogeographic regions and transitions zones (Andean region (AR), South American transition zone (SATZ), Neotropical region (NR), and Mexican transition zone (MTZ)) for all data ('false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species', on the left) and only 'indigenous data' (on the right). Each province is connected to itself by a dark grey line. The consensus tree was obtained by resampling (1000×) the row order with the 'recluster' package (Dapporto et al. 2020). Each province is coloured according to their area of origin: provinces from the AR are coloured blue, provinces from the SATZ are coloured light green, provinces from the NR are coloured pink, and provinces from the MTZ are coloured purple. Branches of provinces that appear unrelated to any other are bold and red-coloured. Provinces without any records of 'indigenous species' are not present in the tanglegram. Provinces without any records of tardigrade species were excluded from the clustering analysis.

Table 2 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

<p><b>Table 2.</b> Extrapolated richness of limnoterrestrial and freshwater tardigrade species and standard error for each region and transition zone. Estimations were made with all data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’) and only ‘indigenous data for comparison. Estimations were made using the Jackknife1 estimator (based on: Burnham and Overton 1978, 1979).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Area</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>Number of provinces with at least one record</b></th><th><b>Total number of provinces</b></th><th><b>Observed richness</b></th><th><b>Estimated richness</b></th><th><b>Standard error</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Neotropical region</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>33</td><td>50</td><td>186</td><td>282.969</td><td>29.094</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>29</td><td>50</td><td>96</td><td>157.793</td><td>19.499</td></tr><tr><th>Andean region</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>105</td><td>159.857</td><td>31.489</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>43</td><td>68.714</td><td>14.154</td></tr><tr><th>South America transition zone</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>66</td><td>102.666</td><td>25.011</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>3</td><td>7</td><td>26</td><td>41.330</td><td>12.995</td></tr><tr><th>Mexican transition zone</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>41</td><td>65.800</td><td>14.881</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>11</td><td>19.250</td><td>5.068</td></tr></tbody></table>