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818 results for “Neutrality”
Drought neutralizes positive effects of long-term grazing on grassland productivity through altering plant-soil interactions
<p>Livestock grazing is among the most intensive land-use activities in grasslands and can affect plant communities directly or indirectly via grazing-induced soil legacies. Under climate change, grasslands are threatened globally by recurrent drought. However, the extent to which drought influences grazing-induced soil legacy effects on plant biomass production and community composition remains largely unexplored.</p> <p>We grew five naturally co-occurring plant species (three dominants and two subordinates) in mixed communities in a glasshouse experiment in live and sterilized soil that had or had not been subjected to 19 years of grazing; these plant communities were then exposed to a subsequent drought. We tested the treatment effects on plant community biomass, proportional aboveground biomass of individual species, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal root colonization, and soil nutrient availability.</p> <p>Under drought-free conditions, soils from grazed plots produced significantly higher plant aboveground and total community biomass compared to soils from ungrazed plots. In contrast, plant aboveground and total community biomass were similar between grazed and ungrazed soils under drought conditions. Similarly, soils from grazed plots increased the proportional biomass of dominant species but decreased the proportion of subordinate species; however, the proportional biomass of dominant and subordinate species was similar between grazed and ungrazed soils under drought conditions. Soil NO3--N in grazed soil was significantly higher compared to ungrazed soil. Drought dramatically increased soil NO3--N in sterilized soil and had a more pronounced increase in grazed soil than in ungrazed soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root colonization from grazed soil was lower compared to ungrazed soil. Drought significantly increased the soil available phosphorus concentration, as well as plant community AM fungal root colonization.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our study suggests that drought can neutralize positive grazing effects on plant community biomass production via altered plant-soil interactions. Also, we found that drought can alleviate the negative effects of grazing legacies on subordinate species by reducing the competitiveness of dominant species. Our study provides new insights for understanding the underlying mechanisms of grazing effects on grassland productivity under climate change.</p>
Obuasi case study data: Performance of neutral SNP barcodes to determine genetic diversity and structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa
<p>A small number of informative biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been proposed to be an economical method to fast-track the genotyping and relatedness analysis of <em>Plasmodium</em> <em>falciparum</em> in malaria-endemic areas. Whilst used successfully in low-transmission areas where infections are monoclonal and highly related, we present the first study to evaluate the performance of these 24- and 96-SNP molecular barcodes in African countries characterised by moderate-to-high transmission. Using haplotypes generated from the MalariaGEN <em>P. falciparum</em> Community Project version 6 database, 52.3% of infections were multiclonal, generating high frequencies of mixed-allele calls (MACs) per isolate. Both multiclonality and low heterozygosity of SNPs impeded haplotype construction for analyses of relatedness. Although fewer SNPs provided usable data, these SNP barcodes weakly identified genetic differentiation across large geographic distances. However, both minor and major alleles' frequencies were temporally unstable. We conclude that these standardised SNP barcodes are vulnerable to ascertainment bias. While large numbers of SNPs acquired by whole-genome sequencing and computational methods to construct haplotypes present a way forward, these approaches may not be practical or cost-effective for surveillance on large scales in malaria-endemic areas. </p>
Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate neutralization test detecting neutralizing antibodies against the major variants of concern
<p>SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination elicit a broad range of neutralizing antibody responses against the different variants of concern (VOC). We established a new variant-adapted surrogate neutralization test (sVNT) and assessed the neutralization activity against the ancestral B.1 (WT) as well as VOC Delta, Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5. Performances were compared to the reference virus neutralization test (VNT) against the respective VOC using three different cohorts collected during the COVID waves. Pre-COVID samples confirmed 100% specificity of the sVNT. Correlation analyses showed moderate to strong correlation for Omicron sub-variants (Spearman’s r=0.7081 for BA.1, r=0.7205 for BA.2 and r=0.6042 for BA.5), and for WT (r=0.8458) and Delta-sVNT (r=0.8158), respectively. Comparison of the WT-sVNT performance with two CE-IVD commercial kits “Icosagen SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody ELISA kit” and “Genscript cPass kit” revealed an overall good correlation ranging from 0.8673 to -0.8773 and a midway profile between both commercial kits with 87.76% sensitivity and 90.48% clinical specificity resulting in a Youden Index of 78.24. This midway trend was further confirmed on 100 double-vaccinated individuals. The BA.2-sVNT performance was similar to that of the Genscript test. Finally, sVNT ability to assess neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.5 was validated on a double-vaccinated cohort (n=100) and an Omicron-breakthrough infection cohort (n=91). Correlation analysis revealed a strong association (r=0.8583) between BA.5-sVNT and VNT. Accurate classification was confirmed by receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analysis reporting an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9543. In conclusion, the sVNT allows for efficient prediction of immune protection against the various VOCs.</p>
Robot swarms neutralize harmful Byzantine robots using a blockchain-based token economy
Through cooperation, robot swarms can perform tasks or solve problems that a single robot from the swarm could not perform/solve by itself. However, it has been shown that a single Byzantine robot (e.g., a malfunctioning or malicious robot) can disrupt the coordination strategy of the entire swarm. Therefore, a versatile swarm robotics framework that addresses security issues in inter-robot communication and coordination is urgently needed. In this paper, we show that security issues can be addressed by setting up a token economy between the robots. To create and maintain the token economy, we use blockchain technology, originally developed for the digital currency Bitcoin. The robots are given crypto tokens that allow them to participate in the swarm's security-critical activities. The token economy is regulated via a smart contract that decides how to distribute crypto tokens among the robots depending on their contributions. We design the smart contract so that Byzantine robots soon run out of crypto tokens and can therefore no longer influence the rest of the swarm. In experiments with up to 24 physical robots, we demonstrate that our smart contract approach indeed works: the robots can maintain blockchain networks and a blockchain-based token economy can be used to neutralize the destructive actions of Byzantine robots in a collective-sensing scenario. In experiments with more than 100 simulated robots, we study the scalability and long-term behavior of our approach. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility and viability of blockchain-based swarm robotics.
[Dataset] Difference spectrum fitting of the ion-neutral collision frequency from dual-frequency EISCAT measurements
<p>Dataset used for "Difference spectrum fitting of the ion-neutral collision frequency from dual-frequency EISCAT measurements"</p>
Defining neutralization and allostery by antibodies against COVID-19 variants
<p>The changing landscape of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is linked to the emergence of variants, immune-escape and reduced efficacy of the existing repertoire of anti-viral antibodies. A major factor that contributes to the functional activity of neutralizing antibodies are the intrinsic quaternary changes that occur as a result of antibody-Spike trimer interactions. In this study, we reveal the conformational dynamics and allosteric perturbations linked to binding of human monoclonal antibodies and the viral Spike protein. We identify epitope hotspots of known and novel antibodies, and associated changes in Spike dynamics that distinguish weak, moderate and strong neutralizing antibodies. We show the impact of mutations in Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern (VoCs) on differences in the antibody-induced conformational changes in Spike and illustrate how these render certain antibodies ineffective. Our comparative analyses of the antibody-footprints on Spike variants reveal how antibodies with similar binding affinities may induce destabilizing or stabilizing allosteric effects. These differences have important implications for neutralization efficacy and for developing new antibodies targeting emerging variants. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the functional modes and synergistic behavior of human antibodies against COVID-19, and provide a foundation for the design of effective antiviral strategies.</p>
6-month Comparison of Morning Lantus Versus Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00993473. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 16. Publications: 1.
The Back Exercises to Neutralize Disability Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02308189. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Monoclonal COVID-19 Antibody DZIF-10c by Infusion
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04631666. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Neutralizing Antibody BGB-DXP593 in Participants With Mild-to-Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04551898. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 4. Publications: 2.
Evaluating the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of VRC01, VRC01LS, and VRC07-523LS, Potent Anti-HIV Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies, in HIV-1-Exposed Infants
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02256631. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 4. Publications: 2.
An HIV Status-neutral Microeconomic Intervention
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06212544. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Safety and Tolerability of AAV8 Delivery of a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody in Adults Living With HIV: a Phase 1, Dose-escalation Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03374202. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
An MRI Study of the Sniffing, Neutral and Extended Head and Neck Positions
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05002790. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 14.
Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Detemir Versus Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) Insulin in Pregnant Women With Type 1 Diabetes
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00474045. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 17. Publications: 3.
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Immunogenicity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) Neutralizing Antibody in Healthy Participants
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04532294. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Monoclonal COVID-19 Antibody DZIF-10c by Inhalation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04631705. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Evaluating the potential of cross-species neutralization of anti-PfCyRPA and anti-PfRIPR monoclonal antibodies
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Code and supplementary information for the speed of neutral evolution on graphs
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Increased number of COVID-19 boosters increases the longevity of anti-RBD and anti-RBD neutralizing antibodies
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.