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Fig. 5 in Functional morphology of the larval mouthparts of Panorpodidae compared with Bittacidae and Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)

Fig. 5 Mouthparts of Panorpa liui. a Labrum. b Epipharynx. c Lateral palmate sensilla. d Basal protuberance. e–h Mandibles, dorsal, ventral, and mesal views and the magnified aspect of the molar region, respectively. cd condyle, ce cutting edge, gg ginglymus, hb hair brush, ir incisor region, ls labral seta, mr molar region, mt molar teeth, ps palmate sensillum, s spine, sb sensillum basiconicum, sp sensory protuberance

Fig. 4 in Functional morphology of the larval mouthparts of Panorpodidae compared with Bittacidae and Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)

Fig. 4 Mouthparts of Bittacus planus. a Mouthparts, ventral view. b Maxilla, dorsal view. c Sensilla basiconica on maxilla. d Sensilla campaniformia on maxilla. e Apex of maxillary palp. f Apex of labial palp. cas cardostipes, ga galea, la lacinia, lp labial palp, mp maxillary palp, pm postmentum, prm prementum, s spine, sb sensillum basiconicum, sch sensillum chaeticum, sco sensillum campaniformium, so salivary orifice

Fig. 2 in Functional morphology of the larval mouthparts of Panorpodidae compared with Bittacidae and Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)

Fig. 2 Mouthparts of the firstinstar larvae. a, d Bittacus planus. b, e Panorpa liui. c, f Panorpodes kuandianensis. a–c Frontal views. d–f Ventral views. ep epipharynx, cd condyle, gg ginglymus, lb labium, lm labrum, md mandible, mx maxilla

Fig. 3 in Functional morphology of the larval mouthparts of Panorpodidae compared with Bittacidae and Panorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)

Fig. 3 Mouthparts of Bittacus planus. a Labrum. b Epipharynx. c Lateral palmate sensilla. d Sensory protuberance. e–h Mandibles, dorsal (e), ventral (f), and mesal views (g) and magnified aspect of the molar region (h). cd condyle, ce cutting edge, gg ginglymus, hb hair brush, ir incisor region, ls labral seta, mr molar region, mt molar teeth, ps palmate sensillum, s spine, sb sensillum basiconicum, sp sensory protuberance

Fig. 5 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 5 Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network of Panorpa liui. a Phylogenetic tree of Bayesian inference based on combined data of COI, COII, and 28S rRNA; Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML

Fig. 4 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 4 Variation of wing size and shape of Panorpa liui. a Boxplot of centroid size for different color morphs/populations. b Scatter plots of canonical variates CV1 vs CV2 for different color morphs/populations. c Shape variations along CV1 and CV2 illustrated by deformation grid graphs

Fig. 2 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 2 Adults of Panorpa liui in habitat. a, d Yellow morph. b Intermediate morph. c, f Black morph. e Deep black morph

Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 1 Geographic distribution of the four color morphs for Panorpa liui. Population ID provided in Table S1

Fig. 3 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 3 Variation of the male genitalia of Panorpa liui, ventral views. a–c Yellow morph. d, h Deep black morph. e–g Black morph. bst, basal stalk; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalve; vv, ventral valve; scale bars = 0.5 mm

Figure 8 in Furcatopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from China

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of the male genitalia of Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva. (A) Gonostylus, ventral view; (B) same, dorsal view; (C) distal part of hypovalva; (D) distal part of epandrium. cer, cercus; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus. Scale bars: A, B, D, 100 µm; C, 20 µm.

Figure 3 in Furcatopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from China

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrograph of the male genitalia of Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva, ventral view, asterisk indicating the sex pheromone gland. dp, dorsal paramere; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalva; hyp, hypandrium; vp, ventral paramere; vv, ventral valve of aedeagus. Scale bar 500 µm.

Figure 2 in Furcatopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from China

Figure 2. Abdomen of the male adult, lateral view. cer, cercus; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalva; s, spiracle (modified from Hua and Cai 2009).

Figure 6 in Furcatopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from China

Figure 6. Scanning electron micrograph of the genital plate of female Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva, ventral view. ax, axis; mp, main plate; spo, spermathecal orifice. Scale bar 200 µm.

Figure 4 in Furcatopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from China

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the aedeagal complex of Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva. (A) Ventro-posterior view; (B) dorsal view. db, dorsal branch of dorsal paramere; dl, distal lobe of dorsal paramere; dp, dorsal paramere; dv, dorsal valve of aedeagus; vl, ventral lobe of dorsal paramere; vv, ventral valve of aedeagus. Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 1 in Furcatopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from China

Figure 1. Male adult of Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva; photograph by B.Z. Hua at Taibai Co., Shaanxi on 29 August 2008.

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FIGURE 3 in Sinopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Oriental China with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 3. Sinopanorpa digitiformis sp. nov. A–E. Male: A. Abdominal segments IV–VII, lateral view; B. Genital bulb, dorsal view; C. Genital bulb, ventral view; D. Basal lobe of gonostylus, caudal view; E. Part of genital bulb with hypovalves removed, showing penis and ventral parameres, ventral view. F–G. Female: F. Subgenital plate, ventral view; G. Internal skeleton, dorsal view.

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FIGURE 1 in Sinopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Oriental China with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 1. Sinopanorpa tincta (Navas). A–E. Male: A. Male adult, dorsal view; B. Abdomen of male with genital bulb, lateral view; C. Genital bulb, dorsal view; D. Genital bulb with hypovalves, ventral view; E. Genital bulb with hypovalves removed, ventral view. F–I. Female: F. Female adult, dorsal view; G. Subgenital plate, ventral view; H. Internal skeleton, ventral view; I. same, dorsal view.

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FIGURE 4 in Sinopanorpa, a new genus of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Oriental China with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 4. Sinopanorpa nangongshana sp. nov. A–F. Male: A. Adult; B. Abdomen, lateral view; C. Genital bulb, dorsal view; D. Genital bulb, ventral view; E. Gonostyli with basal lobe, caudal view; F. Part of genital bulb with hypovalves removed, showing ventral paramers and penis, ventral view. G–H. Female: G. Subgenital plate, ventral view; H. Internal skeleton, dorsal view.

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FIGURE 2 in Morphology and chaetotaxy of the first instar larva of the scorpionfly Sinopanorpa tincta (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

FIGURE 2. Head of first instar larva of S. tincta, SEM. (A) Dorsal view; (B) Lateral view; (C) Ventral view, with the flagellum removed during preparation; (D) Compound eye; (E) Antenna, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ant, antenna; C, clypeal setae; Cas, cardo-stipes; CS, coronal suture; E, compound eye; EB, egg burster; FCS, frontoclypeal sulcus; F, frontal setae; Fl, flagellum; Fr, frons; FS, frontal suture; Gl, galea; L, lateral setae; Lm, labrum; LP, labial palp; Md, mandible; MP, maxillary palp; O, ocular setae; Pe, pedicel; Pm: postmentum; Prm, prementum; Sc, scape; SO, subocular setae; V, vertical setae; Vx, vertex. Scale bars: A–C = 100 µm; D and E= 50 µm.