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Fig. 2 in Report of 21 unrecorded bacterial species in Korea belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, discovered during the survey in 2020
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships between the strains isolated in this study and their relatives of the family Streptomycetaceae in the phylum Actinobacteria. Bootstrap values (>50%) are shown at branching points. Filled circles indicate the nodes also recovered in the maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony trees, and open circles indicate the nodes also recovered in only one of the trees. Bar, 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 1 in Report of 21 unrecorded bacterial species in Korea belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, discovered during the survey in 2020
Fig. 1. Transmission electron or scanning electron micrographs of cells of the strains isolated in the study. Strains: 1, JHSTF-R7; 2, JH- STF-M27; 3, SO314; 4, CAU 1609; 5, CAU 1610; 6, CAU 1611; 7, CAU 1619; 8, MMS20-SJTR5; 9, MMS20-SJTR12; 10, MMS20-SJTN15; 11, MMS20-HV2-26; 12, MMS20-HV4-22; 13, MMS20-AI2-20; 14, DM17; 15, MA2; 16, MA30; 17, I2-3; 18, XY6; 19, SM6; 20, BT677; 21, BT654.
Fig. 2 in Report on 31 unrecorded bacterial species in Korea that belong to the phylum Actinobacteria
Fig. 2. Neighborjoining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showing the relationship between the strains isolated in this study and their relatives of the phylum Actinobacteria. The numbers at nodes represent bootstrap values (>50%) obtained by neighborjoining and maximumlikelihood methods, respectively. Closed circles indicate the nodes recovered by maximumlikelihood algorithm. The GenBank accession number of each species is enclosed in parentheses. Bar, 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Phylum level phytoplankton composition and FTIR spectra for body wash microplastics and plant-based scrub particles from a 7-day summer 2016 surface mesocosm experiment in Otsego Lake, NY, USA
We tested the effects of two types of microplastics, 50 µm polystyrene (PS) calibration beads and polylactic acid (PLA) plastic body wash scrub particles, and one type of plant-derived body wash scrub particle on a natural phytoplankton assemblage through a 7-day mesocosm incubation experiment in a temperate, mesotrophic lake (Otsego Lake, Otsego County, NY, USA) in summer 2016.
Evolution and development at the origin of a phylum
<p class="AbstractSummary">Quantifying morphological evolution is key to determining the patterns and processes underlying the origin of phyla. We constructed a hierarchical morphological character matrix to characterize the radiation and establishment of echinoderm body plans during the early Paleozoic. This showed that subphylum-level clades diverged gradually through the Cambrian, and the distinctiveness of the resulting body plans was amplified by the extinction of transitional forms and obscured by convergent evolution during the Ordovician. Higher-order characters that define these body plans were not fixed at the origin of the phylum, countering hypotheses regarding developmental processes governing the early evolution of animals. Instead, these burdened characters were flexible enabling continued evolutionary innovation throughout the clades' history.</p>
Data from: Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata)
The subclass Camerata (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) is a major group of Paleozoic crinoids that represents an early divergence in the evolutionary history and morphologic diversification of class Crinoidea, yet phylogenetic relationships among early camerates remain unresolved. This study conducted a series of quantitative phylogenetic analyses using parsimony methods to infer relationships of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera (52 taxa), establish the branching sequence of early camerates, and test the monophyly of traditionally recognized higher taxa, including orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida. The first phylogenetic analysis identified a suitable outroup for rooting the Ordovician camerate tree and assessed affinities of the atypical dicyclic family Reteocrinidae. The second analysis inferred the phylogeny of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera. Inferred phylogenies confirm: (1) the Tremadocian genera Cnemecrinus and Eknomocrinus are sister to the Camerata; (2) as historically defined, orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida do not represent monophyletic groups; (3) with minimal revision, Monobathrida and Diplobathrida can be re-diagnosed to represent monophyletic clades; (4) family Reteocrinidae is more closely related to camerates than to other crinoid groups currently recognized at the subclass level; and (5) several genera in subclass Camerata represent stem taxa that cannot be classified as either true monobathrids or true diplobathrids. The clade containing Monobathrida and Diplobathrida, as recognized herein, is termed Eucamerata to distinguish its constituent taxa from more basally positioned taxa, termed stem eucamerates. The results of this study provide a phylogenetic framework for revising camerate classification, elucidating patterns of morphologic evolution, and informing outgroup selection for future phylogenetic analyses of post-Ordovician camerates.
Phylum Cnidaria (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) CANTATA Transcriptomes
<p>CANTATA is a Community bAsed Non-bilaTeriAn Transcriptome Archive aiming to provide an archive of non-bilaterian transcriptomic resources assembled and annotated in a standardized manner.</p> <p> </p> <p>In this repository, we provide the transcriptomes assemblies corresponding to the Phylum Cnidaria (Class Anthozoa, Subclass Octocorallia).</p> <p> </p> <p>Currently, the following species are available:</p> <ul> <li><em>Alcyonium palmatum</em></li> <li><em>Corallium rubrum</em></li> <li><em>Dendronephthya gigantea</em></li> <li><em>Eunicea calyculata</em></li> <li><em>Eunicella cavolini </em></li> <li><em>Gorgonia ventalina</em></li> <li><em>Heliopora coerulea</em></li> <li><em>Muricea laxa</em></li> <li><em>Sarcothelia edmonsoni</em></li> <li><em>Sinularia cruciata</em></li> <li><em>Tubipora musica</em></li> </ul> <p>The details about the read files used to assemble each transcriptome can be found at the CANTATA repository (https://gitlab.lrz.de/palmuc/cantata)</p>
Figure 1 in Distribution and diversity of Polychaeta (Phylum: Annelida) in the Northern coastal waters of Bay of Bengal
Figure 1. Map of study area.
Figure 1 in Swedish nemerteans (phylum Nemertea), with description of a new hoplonemertean genus and species
Figure 1. Map of Sweden with the sampled area on the Swedish west coast marked.
Supplementary data for "Testing the efficacy of different molecular tools for parasite conservation genetics: a case study using horsehair worms (Phylum Nematomorpha)"
<p>Supplementary data for "Testing the efficacy of different molecular tools for parasite conservation genetics: a case study using horsehair worms (Phylum Nematomorpha)"</p> <p>alignments: alignments used for BEAST ("bayes") and PopArt ("popart"). The "popart" folder also has a traits file per each species.</p> <p>bayesian_plots: TSVs ("tsv") and PDF files ("ogs") generated by BEAST. The "tsv" folder also has the scripts for plotting the results in R.</p> <p>easysfs: scripts, population file and results from the VCF to SFS conversione done by easySFS.</p> <p>fineRADstructure: fineRADstructure input files and output PDF plots ("plots") for <em>C. formosanus</em> ipyrad and Stacks ("stacks") data. </p> <p>logs: logs for ipyrad, ModelTest, PGDspider, PopArt ("popart") and Stacks ("stacks"). The "popart" folder also have the generated networks in a TXT file. The "stacks" folder also has ODS files for calculating the amount of loci per each M/n fixed value.</p> <p>snapclust: STR files used with R for snapclust. Scripts included.</p> <p>stairway_plot: input (blueprint files) and outputs for Stairway Plot 2 analyses. The <em>C. formosanus</em> folder ("chordodes") also has scripts for R plotting.</p> <p>vcfs: VCF and HDF5 files used in this study. Also scripts for filtering/converting data and plotting the PCA with ipyrad (activate python first!) for <em>C. formosanus</em>.</p> <p>"acutogordius" = <em>A. taiwanensis</em><br> "chordodes" = <em>C. formosanus</em><br> "gordius" = <em>G. chiashanus</em></p>
Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum
<p>Placozoa is an ancient phylum of extraordinarily unusual animals: miniscule, ameboid creatures that lack most fundamental animal features. Despite high genetic diversity, only recently have the second and third species been named. While prior genomic studies suffer from incomplete placozoan taxon sampling, we more than double the count with protein sequences from seven key genomes and produce the first nuclear phylogenomic reconstruction of all major placozoan lineages. This leads us to the first complete Linnaean taxonomic classification of Placozoa, over a century after its discovery: This may be the only time in the 21st century when an entire higher taxonomy for a whole animal phylum is formalized. Our classification establishes 2 new classes, 4 new orders, 3 new families, 1 new genus, and 1 new species, namely classes Polyplacotomia and Uniplacotomia; orders Polyplacotomea, Trichoplacea, Cladhexea, and Hoilungea; families Polyplacotomidae, Cladtertiidae, and Hoilungidae; and genus <em>Cladtertia</em> with species <em>Cladtertia</em> <em>collaboinventa</em>, nov. Our likelihood and gene content tree topologies refine the relationships determined in previous studies. Adding morphological data into our phylogenomic matrices suggests sponges (Porifera) as the sister to other animals, indicating that modest data addition shifts this node away from comb jellies (Ctenophora). Furthermore, by adding the first genomic protein data of the exceptionally distinct and branching Polyplacotoma mediterranea, we solidify its position as sister to all other placozoans; a divergence we estimate to be over 400 million years old. Yet even this deep split sits on a long branch to other animals, suggesting a bottleneck event followed by diversification. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate large shifts in gene content within Placozoa, with <em>Hoilungia</em> <em>hongkongensis</em> and its closest relatives having the most unique genetics.</p>
Multiple evolutionary transitions of reproductive strategies in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates
<p><strong>PHYLOGENIES</strong></p> <p><strong>All_genes_alignment.nex</strong></p> <p>The concatenated mixed alignment consisting of, 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, and nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. Gene boundaries and excludes sites are indicated.</p> <p><strong>Fig_2.nex</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mixed concatenated alignment consisting of three partitions: (i) 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids, (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, (iii) nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. The analysis was performed in MrBayes5D v. 3.2.6 under the GTR+G model of nucleotide evolution (nucleotides) and the MTZOA+G model (amino acids). The analysis was run for 2.4 million generations; 1.5 million generations were discarded as burn-in.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S3</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mixed concatenated alignment consisting of three partitions: (i) 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) as amino acids, (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, (iii) nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. The analysis was performed in p4 under the GTR+G model of nucleotide evolution (nucleotides) and the MTZOA+G+F model (amino acids). The +F model component accommodates empirical composition in the amino acid model. The analysis used three separate runs for 300,000 generations; 200,000 generations were discarded as burn-in.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S4</strong></p> <p>Topology of the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the mixed concatenated alignment consisting of three partitions: (i) 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids, (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, (iii) nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. The analysis was performed in RAxML HPC-PTHREADS-SSE3 v. 8.2.12 under the GTR+G (nucleotides) and the MTZOA+G+F models (amino acids).</p> <p><strong>Fig_S5</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 12S+16S rRNA gene partition constructed using MrBayes v. 3.2.6 under the GTR + G model. The analysis was run for 20 million generations; 10 million generations were discarded as burn-in.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S6</strong></p> <p>Topology of the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the 12S+16S rRNA gene partition constructed using RAxML HPC-PTHREADS-SSE3 v. 8.2.12 under the GTRCAT model.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S7</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 18S+28S rRNA gene partition constructed using MrBayes v. 3.2.6 under the GTR + G model. The analysis was run for 20 million generations; 10 million generations were discarded as burn-in.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S8</strong></p> <p>Topology of the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the 18S+28S rRNA gene partition constructed using RAxML HPC-PTHREADS-SSE3 v. 8.2.12 under the GTRCAT model.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S9</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids constructed using MrBayes5D v. 3.2.6 under the MTZOA+G model. The analysis was run for 3.7 million generations; 2.5 million generations were discarded as burn-in.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S10</strong></p> <p>Topology of the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids constructed using RAxML HPC-PTHREADS-SSE3 v. 8.2.12 under the PROTGAMMAMTZOA model.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S11</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mixed concatenated alignment consisting of three partitions: (i) 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) as amino acids, (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, (iii) nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. The analysis was performed in p4 under the NDCH-C2 model. The analysis used four separate runs for 300,000 generations; 200,000 generations were discarded as burn-in. The NDCH model accommodates compositional tree-heterogeneity and was used because there was a large amount of compositional heterogeneity over the sequences, especially in the PCGs and 12S+16S rRNA data partitions. This is an NDCH model with two composition vectors on each of the three data partitions.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S12</strong></p> <p>Topology of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the mixed concatenated alignment consisting of three partitions: (i) 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids, (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, (iii) nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. This analysis excluded all terminals for which less than half of mitogenome genes were available, or which only had one of the two nuclear rRNA genes. The analysis was performed in MrBayes5D v. 3.2.6 under the GTR+G model of nucleotide evolution (nucleotides) and the MTZOA+G model (amino acids). The analysis was run for 350,000 generations; 125,000 generations were discarded as burn-in.</p> <p><strong>Fig_S13</strong></p> <p>Topology of the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the mixed concatenated alignment consisting of three partitions: (i) 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes as amino acids, (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S+16S, (iii) nuclear 18S+28S rRNA genes. This analysis excluded all terminals for which less than half of mitogenome genes were available, or which only had one of the two nuclear rRNA genes. The analysis was performed in RAxML HPC-PTHREADS-SSE3 v. 8.2.12 under the GTR+G (nucleotides) and the MTZOA+G+F models (amino acids).</p> <p><strong>ANCESTRAL CHARACTER ESTIMATION:</strong></p> <p><strong>ACE.R</strong></p> <p>R script of the ancestral character estimation carried out in phytools.</p> <p><strong>Reproductive_strategy_numbers.csv</strong></p> <p>Data input file for ACE analysis (reproductive strategies coded as numbers)</p> <p><strong>Reproductive_strategies.xlsx</strong></p> <p>List of reproductive strategies per taxon with the corresponding numerical codes used in the file 'Reproductive_stategies_numbers.csv'.</p> <p><strong>Tree.tre</strong></p> <p>Input tree for ACE analysis.</p>
Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum
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Evolution and development at the origin of a phylum
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Data from: Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata)
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Phylogenomics, origin and diversification of anthozoans (Phylum Cnidaria)
<p>Anthozoan cnidarians (corals and sea anemones) include some of the world's most important foundation species, capable of building massive reef complexes that support entire ecosystems. Although previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed widespread homoplasy of the morphological characters traditionally used to define orders and families of anthozoans, analyses using mitochondrial genes or rDNA have failed to resolve many key nodes in the phylogeny. With a fully resolved, time-calibrated phylogeny for 234 species constructed from hundreds of ultraconserved elements and exon loci, we explore the evolutionary origins of the major clades of Anthozoa and some of their salient morphological features. The phylogeny supports reciprocally monophyletic Hexacorallia and Octocorallia, with Ceriantharia as the earliest diverging hexacorals; two reciprocally monophyletic clades of Octocorallia; and monophyly of all hexacoral orders with the exception of the enigmatic sea anemone <i>Relicanthus daphneae</i>. Divergence dating analyses place Anthozoa in the Cryogenian to Tonian periods (648–894 Ma), older than has been suggested by previous studies. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that the ancestral anthozoan was a solitary polyp that had bilateral symmetry and lacked a skeleton. Colonial growth forms and the ability to precipitate calcium carbonate evolved in the Ediacaran (578 Ma) and Cambrian (503 Ma) respectively; these hallmarks of reef-building species have subsequently arisen multiple times independently in different orders. Anthozoans formed associations with photosymbionts by the Devonian (383 Ma), and photosymbioses have been gained and lost repeatedly in all orders. Together, these results have profound implications for interpretation of the Precambrian environment and the early evolution of metazoans.</p>
Data from: A novel report of hatching plasticity in the phylum Echinodermata
Hatching plasticity occurs in response to a wide range of stimuli across many animal taxa, including annelids, arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. Despite the prominence of echinoderms in developmental biology and more than 100 years of detailed examination of their development under a variety of conditions, environmentally cued hatching plasticity has never been reported in the phylum Echinodermata. Here we report plasticity in the timing and stage of hatching of embryos of the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma in response to reductions in salinity. Embryos of E. parma increased their time to hatching more than twofold in response to ecologically relevant salinity reductions, while maintaining an otherwise normal developmental schedule. Embryos that experienced the greatest delay in hatching time emerged from the fertilization envelope as four-arm pluteus larvae rather than hatching as blastulae or early gastrulae. Salinity manipulations across multiple male-female pairs indicated high variability in hatching time both within and among clutches, suggesting significant intraspecific variation in developmental responses to salinity.
Data from: From incipient to substantial: evolution of placentotrophy in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates
Matrotrophy has long been known in invertebrates, but it is still poorly understood and has never been reviewed. A striking example of matrotrophy (namely, placentotrophy) is provided by the Bryozoa, a medium-sized phylum of the aquatic colonial filter feeders. Here I report on an extensive anatomical study of placental analogues in 21 species of the bryozoan order Cheilostomata, offering the first review on matrotrophy among aquatic invertebrates. The first anatomical description of incipient placentotrophy in invertebrates is presented together with the evidence for multiple independent origins of placental analogues in this order. The combinations of contrasting oocytic types (macrolecithal or oligolecithal) and various degrees of placental development and embryonic enlargement during incubation, found in different bryozoan species, are suggestive of a transitional series from the incipient to the substantial placentotrophy accompanied by an inverse change in oogenesis, a situation reminiscent of some vertebrates. It seems that matrotrophy could trigger the evolution of sexual zooidal polymorphism in some clades. The results of this study show that this phylum, with its wide variety of reproductive patterns, incubation devices and types of the simple placenta-like systems, offers a promising model for studying parallel evolution of placentotrophy in particular, and matrotrophy in general.
Data from: A phylum-wide survey reveals multiple independent gains of head regeneration in Nemertea
Animals vary widely in their ability to regenerate, suggesting that regenerative ability has a rich evolutionary history. However, our understanding of this history remains limited because regenerative ability has only been evaluated in a tiny fraction of species. Available comparative regeneration studies have identified losses of regenerative ability, yet clear documentation of gains is lacking. We assessed ability to regenerate heads and tails either through our own experiments or from literature reports for 35 species of Nemertea spanning the diversity of the phylum, including representatives of 10 families and all three orders. We generated a phylogenetic framework using sequence data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of head and tail regenerative ability across the phylum and found that all evaluated species can remake a posterior end but surprisingly few could regenerate a complete head. Our analysis reconstructs a nemertean ancestor unable to regenerate a head and indicates independent gains of head regenerative ability in at least four separate lineages, with one of these gains taking place as recently as the last 10-15 mya. Our study highlights nemerteans as a valuable group for studying evolution of regeneration and identifying mechanisms associated with repeated gains of regenerative ability.
FIGURE 1 in Phylum Echinodermata *
FIGURE 1. Phylogram for the five classes of echinoderms, with stratigraphic ranges (solid bars), and ranges of proposed stem group taxa. Divergence times for major groups shown by stars. From Smith (1988a), q.v. Published with permission.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.