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156 results for “Plio-Pleistocene”
Data from: Oscillayers: a dataset for the study of climatic oscillations over Plio-Pleistocene time scales at high spatial-temporal resolution
Motivation: In order to understand how species evolutionarily responded to Plio-Pleistocene climate oscillations (e.g. in terms of speciation, extinction, migration and adaptation), it is first important to have a good understanding of those past climate changes per se. This, however, is currently limited due to the lack of global-scale climatic datasets with high temporal resolution spanning the Plio-Pleistocene. To fill this gap, I here present Oscillayers, a global-scale and region-specific bioclim dataset, facilitating the study of climatic oscillations during the last 5.4 million years at high spatial (2.5 arc-minutes) and temporal (10 kyr time periods) resolution. This data set builds upon interpolated anomalies (Δ layers) between bioclim layers of the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) that are scaled relative to the Plio-Pleistocene global mean temperature curve, derived from benthic stable oxygen isotope ratios, to generate bioclim variables for 539 time periods. Evaluation of the scaled, interpolated estimates of palaeo-climates generated for the Holocene, Last Interglacial and Pliocene showed good agreement with independent General Circulation Models (GCMs) for respective time periods in terms of pattern correlation and absolute differences. Oscillayers thus provides a new tool for studying spatial-temporal patterns of evolutionary and ecological processes at high temporal and spatial resolution. Main types of variable contained: 19 bioclim variables for time periods throughout the Plio-Pleistocene. Input data and R script to recreate all 19 bioclim variables. Spatial location and grain: Global at 2.5 arc-minutes (4.65 x 4.65 = 21.62 km2 at the equator). Time period and grain: The last 5.4 million years. The grain is 10 kyr (= 539 time periods). Level of measurement: Data are for terrestrial climates (excluding Antarctica) taking sea level changes into account. Software format: All data are available as ASCII (ESRI) grid files.
Figure 5 in Tragelaphus nakuae: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio-Pleistocene
Figure 5. The two most parsimonious trees produced from the heuristic search. Character state changes are plotted on Tree 2, which is the same as the strict consensus of both trees. Values in boxes represent bootstraps (values <50% not shown). Tragelaphus nakuae is divided into two taxonomic units, T. nakuae 1 and T. nakuae 2, representing the more primitive (older than 2.3 Mya) and more derived (younger than 2.3 Mya) morphs, respectively.
Figure 2 in Tragelaphus nakuae: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio-Pleistocene
Figure 2. Tragelaphus rastafari sp. nov. A, KNM TH-32833 (holotype) calvarium in posterior, anterior, and left lateral views, and M2–3 in occlusal view. B, MAT-VP-6/24 horn cores in anterior view and braincase in dorsal view. C, KNM ER-1460 horn cores in anterior and braincase in right lateral view. D, OMO 112/3-10006 right horn core in anterior view and braincase in left lateral view. Note that the dorsal braincase in T. rastafari is flat, bearing no supraoccipital torus. Scale bar = 10 cm for horn core views, 4 cm for braincase views, and 2 cm for teeth.
Figure 1 in Tragelaphus nakuae: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio-Pleistocene
Figure 1. Age of sites and stratigraphical units mentioned in the text. The temporal ranges of Tragelaphus rastafari sp. nov. and Tragelaphus nakuae are also shown. Known specimens from between 2.95 and 2.74 Mya are not sufficiently well preserved to be assigned to either T. rastafari or T. nakuae. After 2.3 Mya, T. nakuae begins to exhibit highly derived morphology, represented here by the change in colour.
Figure 4. Tragelaphus nakuae. A in Tragelaphus nakuae: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio-Pleistocene
Figure 4. Tragelaphus nakuae. A, MAT-VP-5/29 in anterior and dorsal views. B, KNM ER-1968, showing most clearly the supraoccipital torus. C, KNM ER-17359. D, KNM ER-272 braincase in right lateral view. E, OMO 3/2-10058 braincase. F, WIL-VP-2/20 in anterior and left lateral views. Scale bar = 10 cm for top row, 5 cm for bottom row.
Figure 3 in Tragelaphus nakuae: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio-Pleistocene
Figure 3. Morphological change amongst Tragelaphus saraitu, Tragelaphus rastafari sp. nov., and earlier and later representatives of Tragelaphus nakuae. Plots showing: decreasing horn core torsion (A); increasing horn core anteroposterior compression (B); and decreasing relative horn core length (C) over time. Specimens of T. nakuae older and younger than 2.3 Mya are distinguished by different symbols.
FIGURE 2. A–J in Two new species of scalpelliform barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Cotentin, northwest France
FIGURE 2. A–J, Arcoscalpellum concavitectum sp. nov. A: paratype MNHN.F.A45795, external side of right scutum; B: paratype MNHN.F.A45796, internal side of left scutum; C: paratype MNHN.F.A45794, internal side of left tergum; D: paratype MNHN.F.A45793, external side of right tergum; E: paratype MNHN.F.A45797, external side of right upper lateral; F: paratype MNHN.F.A45798, internal side of left upper lateral; G1–2: holotype MNHN.F.A45791, external side of carina; H: paratype MNHN.F.A45792, transverse section of carina; I: paratype MNHN.F.A46422, external side of carina; J1–2: paratype MNHN.F.A46425, external and internal sides of left rostral lateral. K, Scalpellum sp. A, MNHN.F.A46423, external side of right?upper lateral. L, Scalpellum sp. B, MNHN.F.A46424, external side of left?upper lateral. Scale bars represent 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of scalpelliform barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Cotentin, northwest France
FIGURE 1. Scalpellum carentanensis sp. nov. A1–2: paratype MNHN.F.A45801, internal and external sides of right scutum; B: paratype MNHN.F.A45806, external side of upper lateral; C1–2: holotype MNHN.F.A45800, internal and external sides of left tergum; D1–2: paratype MNHN.F.A45802, internal and external sides of right scutum; E: paratype MNHN.F.A45803, lateral side of carina; F: paratype MNHN.F.A45805, carina; G: paratype MNHN.F.A45804, carina. Scale bars represent 1 mm.
Data from: Oscillayers: a dataset for the study of climatic oscillations over Plio-Pleistocene time scales at high spatial-temporal resolution
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Data from: Plio-Pleistocene phylogeography of the Southeast Asian Blue Panchax killifish, Aplocheilus panchax
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Data from: Independent evolution of baleen whale gigantism linked to Plio-Pleistocene ocean dynamics
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Data from: Pliocene intraspecific divergence and Plio-Pleistocene range expansions within Picea likiangensis (Lijiang spruce), a dominant forest tree of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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Figure 2 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 2. Map of southern, central and eastern Africa indicating localities of individuals of R. hildebrandtii species-complex included in this study. Grey-shaded area represents elevations in excess of 600 m a.s.l. Closed squares indicate museum specimens from which craniometric data were obtained. Open symbols indicate specimens genotyped in this study. The distribution of the three major clades is based on cytochrome b (see Figure 2): open circles = Clade 1; open squares = Clade 2; open diamonds = Clade 3. Closed squares enclosed in open symbols indicate localities where both molecular and morphological data were available for selected specimens. Numbers refer to respective localities listed in Table S1. ''T'' indicates the type localities of R. eloquens in Uganda and R. hildebrandtii in Kenyaı respectively. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g002
Figure 8 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 8. Photographs showing lateral views of noseleafs of selected individuals (including holotypes of new species) of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex representing molecular Lineage 1a (= cohenae sp. nov.; a–b), Lineage 1b (= mabuensis sp. nov.; c) and Clade 2 (= mossambicus sp. nov.; d–f). a = DM 7886 (cohenae sp. nov.;Barberton Tunnel, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa); b = DM 8626 (cohenae sp. nov.; Barberton Tunnel, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa; Holotype); c = DM 10842 (mabuensis sp. nov.; Mt Mabu, Mozambique; Holotype); d = DM 8578 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Niassa Game Reserve, Mozambique; Holotype); e = DM 8579 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Chinizuia, Mozambique); f = DM 8577 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Namapa, Mozambique). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g008
Data from: Australia's prehistoric 'swamp king': revision of the Plio-Pleistocene crocodylian genus Pallimnarchus de Vis, 1886
<p>The crocodylian fossil record from the Cenozoic of Australasia is notable for its rich taxonomic diversity, and is primarily represented by members of the clade Mekosuchinae. Reports of crocodylian fossils from Australia date back to the late nineteenth century. In 1886, Charles Walter de Vis proposed the name <i>Pallimnarchus pollens</i> for crocodylian fossils from southeast Queensland – the first binomen given to an extinct crocodylian taxon from Australia. <i>Pallimnarchus</i> has come to be regarded as a large, broad-snouted crocodylian from Australia's Plio-Pleistocene, and numerous specimens, few of which are sufficiently complete, have been assigned to it by several authors throughout the twentieth century. In the late 1990s, the genus was expanded to include a second species, <i>Pallimnarchus gracilis</i>. Unfortunately, the original syntype series described as <i>Pallimnarchus</i> <i>pollens</i> is very fragmentary and derives from more than one taxon, while a large part of the subsequently selected lectotype specimen is missing. Because descriptions and illustrations of the complete lectotype do not reveal any autapomorphic features, we propose that <i>Pallimnarchus pollens</i> should be regarded as a <i>nomen dubium</i>. Following this decision, the fossil material previously referred to <i>Pallimnarchus</i> is of uncertain taxonomic placement. A partial skull, formerly assigned to <i>Pallimnarchus pollens</i> and known as 'Geoff Vincent's specimen', possesses many features of diagnostic value and is therefore used as basis to erect a new genus and species – <i>Paludirex vincenti</i> gen. et sp. nov. A comprehensive description is given for the osteology of 'Geoff Vincent's specimen' as well as aspects of its palaeoneurology, the latter being a first for an extinct Australian crocodyliform. The newly named genus<i> </i>is characterized by a unique combination of premaxillary features such as a distinctive arching of the anterior alveolar processes of the premaxillae, a peculiar arrangement of the first two premaxillary alveoli and a large size disparity between the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> premaxillary alveoli. These features presently allow formal recognition of two species within the genus, <i>Paludirex vincenti </i>and <i>Paludirex gracilis</i> comb. nov., with the former having comparatively more robust rostral proportions than the latter. The <i>Paludirex vincenti</i> holotype comes from the Pliocene Chinchilla Sand of the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland, whereas the material assigned to <i>Paludirex gracilis</i> is from the Pleistocene of Terrace Site Local Fauna, Riversleigh, northwest Queensland. Phylogenetic analyses recover <i>Paludirex vincenti</i> as a mekosuchine, although further cladistic assessments are needed to better understand the relationships within the clade.</p>
Data from: Testing models of speciation from genome sequences: divergence and asymmetric admixture in Island Southeast Asian Sus species during the Plio-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations
In many temperate regions, ice ages promoted range contractions into refugia resulting in divergence (and potentially speciation), while warmer periods led to range expansions and hybridization. However, the impact these climatic oscillations had in many parts of the tropics remains elusive. Here, we investigate this issue using genome sequences of three pig (Sus) species, two of which are found on islands of the Sunda-shelf shallow seas in Island Southeast Asia (ISEA). A previous study revealed signatures of inter-specific admixture between these Sus species (Frantz et al. (2013) Genome sequencing reveals fine scale diversification and reticulation history during speciation in Sus. Genome biology, 14, R107). However, the timing, directionality and extent of this admixture remain unknown. Here we use a likelihood based model comparison to more finely resolve this admixture history and test whether it was mediated by humans or occurred naturally. Our analyses suggest that inter-specific admixture between Sunda-shelf species was most likely asymmetric and occurred long before the arrival of humans in the region. More precisely, we show that these species diverged during the late Pliocene but around 23% of their genomes have been affected by admixture during the later Pleistocene climatic transition. In addition, we show that our method provides a significant improvement over D-statistics which are uninformative about the direction of admixture.
Data from: Does morphological variation buffer against extinction? A test using veneroid bivalves from the Plio-Pleistocene of Florida
Although morphological variation is known to influence the evolutionary fates of species, the relationship between morphological variation and survivorship in the face of extinction-inducing perturbations is poorly understood. Here, we investigate this relationship for veneroid bivalves in association with the Plio-Pleistocene extinction in Florida. Fourteen pairs of related species were selected for analysis, with each pair including one species that survived the Plio-Pleistocene extinction and another that became extinct during the interval. Morphological landmark data were acquired for more than 1500 museum specimens, representing 19 localities that encompass four well-known Plio-Pleistocene units in the study region. Procrustes superimposition was applied to each sample, and overall multivariate variation was calculated as the mean squared partial Procrustes distance between specimens and their mean form. Morphological variation was calculated at three geographic scales for each species, and differences in variation between survivors and victims were examined within each species pair. Results indicate that species surviving the Plio-Pleistocene extinction were significantly more variable morphologically than victims. Greater morphological variation may promote survivorship by directly enhancing species adaptations to changing conditions or by permitting the occupation of a larger geographic range. Alternatively, high morphological variation and survivorship may both be mediated by a third variable, such as large geographic range.
FIGURES 11–23 in Conidae and Terebridae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Philippines
FIGURES 11–23. Terebridae. Scale bar is either 10 mm or 1 mm.
Variation in intraspecific demography drives localised concordance but species-wide discordance in responses to Plio-Pleistocene climatic change
<p>Understanding how species biology may facilitate resilience to climate change remains a critical factor in detecting and protecting species at risk of extinction. Many studies have focused on the role of particular ecological traits in driving species responses, but less so on demographic history and levels of standing genetic variation. We used environmental and genomic datasets to reconstruct the phylogeographic histories of two ecologically similar and largely co-distributed freshwater fishes to assess the degree of concordance in their responses to Plio-Pleistocene climatic changes. Although several co-occurring populations demonstrated concordant demographic histories, idiosyncratic population size changes were found at the range edges of the more spatially restricted species. Discordant responses between species were associated with low standing genetic variation in peripheral populations. This might have hindered adaptive potential, as documented in recent population declines and extinctions of the two species. Our results highlight both the role of spatial scale in the degree of concordance in species responses to climate change, and the importance of standing genetic variation in facilitating range shifts. Even when ecological traits are similar between species, long-term genetic diversity and historical population demography may lead to discordant responses to ongoing and future climate change</p>
Figure 3 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns
Figure 3. Quality assessment of the data. A, diagram of completeness values [C1 = (Ntot/(Ntot + Nrt)) * 100 and C2 = (Nbda/(Nbda + Nrt)) * 100] for 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. The 85% cutoff line is arbitrarily selected, but represents a more stringent criterion than that used by Maas et al. (1995), who pioneered the use of these indices. All time slices from 3.6 to 1.5 Mya pass the 85% criterion for the more stringent C2 index, while for the less stringent C1 index, all time slices from 3.9 to 1.2 Mya pass. See text for fuller exposition. B, regression of the C2 completeness index against number of localities sampled in each time slice. The regression is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.596**) indicating that completeness and hence sampling adequacy increases with the number of localities sampled. C, regression of the C2 completeness index against mean standing richness in each time slice. The regression is weakly significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.397*) indicating that completeness increases with increasing richness.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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