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3,535 results for “Predation”
Predators of Japanese myriapods — survey using literature, social media, Web, and mobile application —
<p>I provide a database reviewing information on predators of Japanese myriapods. The information within this database was compiled from published accounts in Japan along with visual media accumulated on the Internet.</p>
Preferential cannibalism as a key stabilizing mechanism of intraguild predation systems with trophic polymorphic predators
<p><span>Theory predicts intraguild predation (IGP) to be unstable despite its ubiquity in nature, prompting exploration of stabilizing mechanisms of IGP. One of the many ways IGP manifests is through inducible trophic polymorphisms in the intraguild (IG) predator, where a resource-eating predator morph competes with the intraguild (IG) prey for the shared resource while a top predator morph consumes the IG prey. Cannibalism is common in this type of system due to the top predator morph's specialization on the trophic level below it, which includes the resource-eating predator morph. Here, we explore the consequences of inducible trophic polymorphisms in cannibal predators for IGP stability using an IGP model with and without cannibalism. We employ linear stability analysis and identify regions of coexistence based on the top predator morph's preference for conspecifics vs. heterospecifics and the IG prey's competitive ability relative to the resource-eating morph. Our findings reveal preferential cannibalism (i.e. the preferential consumption of conspecifics) stabilizes the system when the IG prey and resource-eating morph have similar competitive abilities for the shared resource. Though original IGP theory finds the IG prey must be a superior resource competitor as a general criterion for coexistence, this is not typically the case when the predator has an inducible trophic polymorphism and the resource-eating morph is specialized in resource acquisition. Preferential cannibalism may therefore be a key stabilizing mechanism in IGP systems with a cannibalistic, trophic polymorphic IG predators, providing further insight into what general mechanisms stabilize the pervasive IGP interaction.</span></p>
Data from: Not afraid of the Big Bad Wolf: calls from large predators do not silence mesopredators
<p>Large predators are known to shape the behavior and ecology of sympatric predators via conflict and competition, with mesopredators thought to avoid large predators, while dogs suppress predator activity and act as guardians of human property. However, interspecific communication between predators has not been well-explored and this assumption of avoidance may oversimplify the responses of the species involved. We explored the acoustic activity of three closely related sympatric canids: wolves <em>Canis lupus</em>, coyotes <em>Canis latrans</em>, and dogs <em>Canis familiaris</em>. These species have an unbalanced triangle of risk: coyotes, as mesopredators, are at risk from both apex-predator wolves and human-associated dogs, while wolves fear dogs, and dogs may fear wolves as apex predators or challenge them as intruders into human-allied spaces. We predicted that risk perception would dictate vocal response with wolves and dogs silencing coyotes as well as dogs silencing wolves. Dogs, in their protective role of guarding human property, would respond to both. Eleven passive acoustic monitoring devices were deployed across 13 nights in Central Wisconsin, and we measured the responses of each species to naturally occurring heterospecific vocalizations. Against our expectation, silencing did not occur. Instead, coyotes were not silenced by either species: when hearing wolves, coyotes responded at greater than chance rates and when hearing dogs, coyotes did not produce fewer calls than chance rates. Similarly, wolves responded at above chance rates to coyotes and at chance rates when hearing dogs. Only the dogs followed our prediction and responded at above chance rates in response to both coyotes and wolves. Thus, instead of silencing their competitors, canid vocalizations elicit responses from them suggesting the existence of a complex heterospecific communication network.</p>
Data from: Exploring polymorphism in a palatable prey: Predation risk and frequency-dependence in relation to distinct levels of conspicuousness
<p>Camouflage and warning signals are different anti-predator strategies, which offer an excellent opportunity to study the evolutionary forces acting on prey appearance. Edible prey often escape detection via camouflage, which usually leads to apostatic selection favoring rare morphs. By contrast, defended prey often display conspicuous coloration acting as warning signals to predators, which usually leads to positive frequency-dependence and signal uniformity. However, when two morphs of the same species vary greatly in conspicuousness, the maintenance of both cryptic and conspicuous forms in profitable prey populations remains enigmatic. Using the white and melanic morphs of the invasive box tree moth (<em>Cydalima perspectalis</em>) presented at three different frequencies, we investigate a) the palatability of caterpillars and adult moths to birds, b) predation rates on the less conspicuous melanic morph, and c) the role of frequency-dependence in balancing morph frequencies. Our results show that caterpillars are distasteful for birds but not adult moths, which are fully palatable. We found that the less conspicuous, melanic morph, benefits from reduced predation due to its lower detectability. The more conspicuous, white morph, instead, is more predated and is best off when common, suggesting positive-frequency dependence. These results offer new insights into the evolution of color polymorphism and prey defenses in a polymorphic moth species. Further investigation is required to understand the role of different predation regimes on the maintenance of the polymorphism in this species, and test if additional selection pressures operate in natural populations.</p>
Data from: Seasonal diet partition among top predators of a small island, Iriomotejima island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan
<p>In general, small islands lack predators because species at higher trophic levels often cannot survive. However, two predators—the Iriomote cat <em>Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis</em>, and the Crested Serpent Eagle<em> Spilornis cheela perplexus</em>—live on Iriomotejima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, which covers an area of approximately 284 square kilometers. To understand how these two top predators coexist on such a small island with limited resources, we focused on their seasonal feeding habits which are considered crucial for survival in such an island ecosystem. To compare the diets of the Iriomote cat and Crested Serpent Eagle, we used DNA metabarcoding analysis of their fecal samples. In the summer, we identified 16 prey items from Iriomote cat fecal samples, and 15 Crested Serpent Eagle fecal samples. In the winter, we identified 37 and 14 prey items, respectively. Using a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), our study reveals significant differences in the diet composition at the order level between the predators during both seasons. Furthermore, although some prey items at the species-to-order level overlapped between the two predators, the frequency of occurrence of most prey items differed between them in both seasons. These results suggest that this difference in diets was one of the reasons why the Iriomote cat and the Crested Serpent Eagle coexisted on such a small island.</p>
Data for: Functional redundancy of weed seed predation is reduced by intensified agriculture
<p>Intensive agriculture, a driver of biodiversity loss, can diminish ecosystem functions and their stability. Biodiversity can increase functional redundancy and is expected to stabilize ecosystem functions. Few studies however have explored how agricultural intensity affects functional redundancy and its link with ecosystem function stability. Here, within a continent-wide study, we assess how the functional redundancy of seed predation is affected by agricultural intensity and landscape simplification. By combining carabid abundances with molecular gut content data, functional redundancy of seed predation was quantified for 65 weed genera across 60 fields in four European countries. Across weed genera, functional redundancy was reduced with high field management intensity and simplified crop rotations. Moreover, functional redundancy increased the spatial stability of weed seed predation within fields. We found that ecosystem functions are vulnerable to disturbance in intensively managed agroecosystems, providing empirical evidence of the importance of biodiversity for stable ecosystem functions across space.</p>
Figure 5 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 5. Principal components analysis of the relative abundance (mol %, logit- transformed) of individual NLFAs of Trochosa ruricola using body size (small, large), flooding index (FI), plant species richness (SR), plant functional group richness (FG), presence of grasses (Gr), legumes (Leg), small herbs (SH) and tall herbs (TH) as supplementary variables.
Figure 4 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 4. Variations in δ15N signatures of Trochosa ruricola as affected by flooding index (P = 0.04, R2 = 0.12) and body size (small, large; P <0.01).
Figure 1 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 1. Variations in δ15N and δ13C signatures of Harpalus rufipes (black) and Trochosa ruricola (pink) across the study site of the Jena Experiment.
Figure 3 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 3. Principal components analysis of the relative abundance (mol %, logit-transformed) of individual NLFAs of Harpalus rufipes using flooding index (FI), plant species richness (SR), plant functional group richness (FG), presence of grasses (Gr), legumes (Leg), small herbs (SH) and tall herbs (TH) as supplementary variables.
Data from: European green crab predation in a Washington State estuary revealed with DNA metabarcoding
<p><strong>Fisher, MC, Grason, EW, Stote, A, Kelly, RP, Litle, K, & PS McDonald. (in review). <em>Invasive European green crab (</em>Carcinus maenas<em>) predation in a Washington State estuary revealed with DNA metabarcoding. </em></strong></p> <p>Sequencing data files produced for Fisher et al. (in review) on an Illumina MiSeq (2x300bp) targeting a 418bp DNA sequence in the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene (cox1 or COI) Folmer region. Data are demultiplexed but otherwise un-processed. Sample data sheets used to load each sequencing run are included as excel spreadsheets in the appropriate zipped folder. The metadata file contains sample (green crab stomach / mock community) metadata and corresponding MiSeq run number(s). </p> <p>Associated lab protocols are available on Github (<a href="https://github.com/mfisher5/Green-crab-dDNA/tree/main/doc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Green-Crab-dDNA</a>)</p> <p>---</p> <p>Abstract: Predation by invasive species can threaten local ecosystems and economies. The European green crab (<em>Carcinus maenas</em>), one of the most widespread marine invasive species, is an effective predator associated with clam and crab population declines outside of its native range. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, green crab has recently increased in abundance and expanded its distribution, generating concern for estuarine ecosystems and associated aquaculture production. However, regionally-specific information on the trophic impacts of invasive green crab is very limited. We compared the stomach contents of green crabs collected on shellfish aquaculture beds versus natural intertidal sloughs in Willapa Bay, Washington, to provide the first in-depth description of European green crab diet at a particularly crucial time for regional management. We first identified putative prey items using DNA metabarcoding of stomach content samples. We compared diet composition across sites using prey presence/absence and an index of species-specific relative abundance. For eight prey species, we also calibrated metabarcoding data to quantitatively compare DNA abundance between prey items, and to describe an ‘average’ green crab diet at an intertidal slough and an actively cultivated Manila clam bed. From the stomach contents of 61 green crabs, we identified 54 unique taxa belonging to nine phyla. The stomach contents of crabs collected from cultivated Manila clam beds were significantly different from the stomach contents of crabs collected at natural intertidal sloughs. Across all sites, arthropods were the most frequently detected prey, with the native hairy shore crab (<em>Hemigrapsus oregonensis</em>) the single most common prey item. Of the eight species included in the quantitative model, two ecologically-important native species – the sand shrimp (<em>Crangon franciscorum</em>) and the Pacific staghorn sculpin (<em>Leptocottus armatus</em>) – were the most abundant in crab stomach contents, when present. In addition to providing timely information on green crab diet, our research demonstrates the novel application of a recently developed model for more quantitative DNA metabarcoding. This represents another step in the ongoing evolution of DNA-based diet analysis towards producing the quantitative data necessary for modeling invasive species impacts.</p>
Figure 6 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 6. Principal components analysis of the relative abundance (mol%, logit- transformed) of individual PLFAs of soil microorganisms using flooding index (FI), plant species richness (SR), plant functional group richness (FG), presence of grasses (Gr), legumes (Leg), small herbs (SH) and tall herbs (TH) as supplementary variables.
Figure 2 in Variations in trophic niches of generalist predators with plant community composition as indicated by stable isotopes and fatty acids
Figure 2. Variations in δ15N signatures of Harpalus rufipes (P <0.01, R2 = 0.11) as affected by plant species richness (log-transformed).
Figure 2 in Assessing predation parameters of the predatory mite Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on different host plants
Figure 2. Age-stage-specific predation rate (cxj) of predatory mite Typhlodromus bagdasarjani fed on immature stages of Tetranychus urticae on different host plants.
Figure 1 in Assessing predation parameters of the predatory mite Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on different host plants
Figure 1. The age-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific predation rate (kx), age-specific net predation rate (qx) of predatory mite Typhlodromus bagdasarjani fed on immature stages of Tetranychus urticae reared on different host plants.
Github Repository for: European green crab predation in a Washington State estuary revealed with DNA metabarcoding
<p><strong>Fisher, MC, Grason, EW, Stote, A, Kelly, RP, Litle, K, & PS McDonald. (2024).<em> </em>Invasive European green crab (<em>Carcinus maenas</em>) predation in a Washington State estuary revealed with DNA metabarcoding. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0302518<em><br></em></strong></p> <p>Github release v1.1 of the repository for Fisher et al. 2024, "European green crab predation in a Washington State estuary revealed with DNA metabarcoding." For the most updated repository, see: <a href="https://github.com/mfisher5/Green-crab-dDNA/tree/main/doc">github.com/mfisher5/Green-crab-dDNA</a></p> <p>Contains the code and minimum dataset necessary to replicate study findings.</p> <p> </p> <p>---</p> <p>Abstract: Predation by invasive species can threaten local ecosystems and economies. The European green crab (<em>Carcinus maenas</em>), one of the most widespread marine invasive species, is an effective predator associated with clam and crab population declines outside of its native range. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, green crab has recently increased in abundance and expanded its distribution, generating concern for estuarine ecosystems and associated aquaculture production. However, regionally-specific information on the trophic impacts of invasive green crab is very limited. We compared the stomach contents of green crabs collected on shellfish aquaculture beds versus natural intertidal sloughs in Willapa Bay, Washington, to provide the first in-depth description of European green crab diet at a particularly crucial time for regional management. We first identified putative prey items using DNA metabarcoding of stomach content samples. We compared diet composition across sites using prey presence/absence and an index of species-specific relative abundance. For eight prey species, we also calibrated metabarcoding data to quantitatively compare DNA abundance between prey items, and to describe an ‘average’ green crab diet at an intertidal slough and an actively cultivated Manila clam bed. From the stomach contents of 61 green crabs, we identified 54 unique taxa belonging to nine phyla. The stomach contents of crabs collected from cultivated Manila clam beds were significantly different from the stomach contents of crabs collected at natural intertidal sloughs. Across all sites, arthropods were the most frequently detected prey, with the native hairy shore crab (<em>Hemigrapsus oregonensis</em>) the single most common prey item. Of the eight species included in the quantitative model, two ecologically-important native species – the sand shrimp (<em>Crangon franciscorum</em>) and the Pacific staghorn sculpin (<em>Leptocottus armatus</em>) – were the most abundant in crab stomach contents, when present. In addition to providing timely information on green crab diet, our research demonstrates the novel application of a recently developed model for more quantitative DNA metabarcoding. This represents another step in the ongoing evolution of DNA-based diet analysis towards producing the quantitative data necessary for modeling invasive species impacts.</p>
F I G U R E 3 A in Fish as predators and prey: DNA-based assessment of their role in food webs
F I G U R E 3 A range of factors affect the fate of food DNA in dietary samples and influence the interpretation of molecularly derived trophic data. These factors can be grouped into methodological, biological and environmental aspects
F I G U R E 2 in Fish as predators and prey: DNA-based assessment of their role in food webs
F I G U R E 2 Schematic overview of different types of primers: species-specific (red), group-specific (green), general (blue) and blocking (yellow) primers in a hypothetical food chain and corresponding DNA sequences of involved taxa. Dots in the sequence alignment denote identical bases as in the topmost sequence
F I G U R E 1 in Fish as predators and prey: DNA-based assessment of their role in food webs
F I G U R E 1 Schematic overview of the workflow when analysing dietary samples molecularly: sample collection (gut content, regurgitate, faeces), extraction of total DNA, identification of food DNA via diagnostic PCR and/or metabarcoding, respectively
Figures 1-2. 1A-C in New records of predation of Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) over Euglossini and Xylocopini bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Brazil
Figures 1-2. 1A-C. Apiomerus sp. preying on an orchid bee in an odoriferous trap in the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Plant (HEP) area of influence, Rondônia State, Brazil (Photographs by Bárbara Oliveira De Loreto). 2A-B. Female of Cosmoclopius annulosus preying on Ceratina rupestris on canola flower (Photographs by A. L. Marsaro Júnior). / Apiomerus sp. depredando sobre una abeja orquÍdea en una trampa odorÍfera en el área de influencia de la Central Hidroeléctrica Santo Antônio (HEP), Estado de Rondônia, Brasil (FotografÍas de Bárbara Oliveira De Loreto). 2A-B. Hembra de Cosmoclopius annulosus alimentandose de Ceratina rupestris en una flor de canola (FotografÍas de A. L. Marsaro Júnior).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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