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FIGURE 7 in Wear-dependent molar morphology in hypsodont rodents: The case of the spalacine Pliospalax

FIGURE 7. Three-dimensional model visualizing the sequence of the wear stages (7.1-7.12) for holotype (m1) of Pliospalax sotirisi (MR 1286) from Maritsa, in Greece (De Bruijn et al., 1970). Inverted figure of the specimen. The scale bars apply to all panels of the figure.

FIGURE 1 in Wear-dependent molar morphology in hypsodont rodents: The case of the spalacine Pliospalax

FIGURE 1. Three-dimensional model visualizing the sequence of the wear stages (1.1-1.15) for the m1 of Pliospalax macoveii (ACA 858), from the locality of Çalta in Turkey (Şen, 1977). Labial and occlusal view. The scale bars apply to all panels of the figure.

FIGURE 8. A in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 8. A) Magnetostratigraphy for the Katilu Khad section exposed nearby the Dunera town of Pathankot, Punjab (Sinha et al., 2005); B) Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (after Ogg, 2020); C) The proposed age of the present study locality (Dunera) against observed Potwar Siwalik rodent biochronology.

FIGURE 7. 3D in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 7. 3D surface models of Sayimys sivalensis in occlusal views. A) WIMF/A 4733, left M2; B) WIMF/A 4750, right M2 C) WIMF/A 4731, left M2 or M3; D) WIMF/A 4732 left m1 or m2. Note: Mesial towards the left and distal towards the right in all panels.

FIGURE 6 in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 6. Scatterplot of molar size (sq. root of width*length) vs. shape (max. width/length) in Siwalik murid specimens. A) M1; B) M2; C) m1; D) m2; E) m3. See Appendix for data used in the plots.

FIGURE 5 in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 5. Progonomys cf. hussaini in occlusal views. Leica stereozoom Microscope image: A) WIMF/A 4745, right M1. 3D surface models: B) WIMF/A 4746, left M2; C) WIMF/A 4747, left M2; D) WIMF/A 4739, right m1; E) WIMF/A 4737, left m2; F) WIMF/A 4738, left m2; G) WIMF/A 4748, left m2; H) WIMF/A 4736, right m3. Note: Mesial towards the left and distal towards the right in all panels.

FIGURE 4. 3D in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 4. 3D surface models of Democricetodon fejfari in occlusal views. A) WIMF/A 4734, right M3; B) WIMF/A 4735, left M3; C) WIMF/A 4729, right m1; D) WIMF/A 4740, left m2. Note: Mesial towards the left and distal towards the right in all panels.

FIGURE 1. A in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 1. A) Google map showing the fossil site (marked by star in yellow color) and Katilu-Khad (marked in blue colour) at Dunera, Punjab, India; B) General geological map of the study area showing fossil locality and Katilu- Khad section (modified after Raiverman, 2002); C) Magnetostratigraphic dated section in Katilu-Khad of Dunera (after Sinha et al., 2005) and revised ages from the most updated version of GPTS (Ogg 2020); D) Stratigraphic section of the bone bed in lower part of Katilu-Khad; E) Stratigraphic section of the present study fossil site at Dunera; F, G) Field photographs of the locality (arrow represents the fossiliferous bed).

FIGURE 3 in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 3. Scatterplot of molar size (sq. root of width*length) vs. shape (max. width/length) of Siwalik Tamias specimens. A) M1/M2; B) m1/m2. See Table 1 for data used in the plots. Note that minimum, mean and maximum values were used to approximate ranges of variation in large samples of Tamias anatoliensis, T. urialis, and T. atsali.

FIGURE 2. 3D in First report of rodents from the Miocene Siwalik locality of Dunera, Pathankot District, Punjab, India

FIGURE 2. 3D surface models of cf. Tamias urialis in occlusal views. A) WIMF/A 4743 right M1/2 (mirror-imaged); B) WIMF/A 4749 left m1/2. Note: Mesial towards the left and distal towards the right in all panels.

FIG. 11 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 11. — Distribution in percent of specimens by order and species from Mas de Gimel and Naples elaborated from data of Tables 2 and 3: A, color pie chart of Mas de Gimel collection; B, color pie chart of Naples collection. White sections correspond to specimens of indeterminate order or, within an order, of indeterminate specific attribution. Each identified species presents a color variation of the order color section. Percentage number are indicated when superior to one.

FIG. 9 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 9. — Upper deciduous (DP4), premolar (P4) and molars (M1-2-3) of Hartenbergeromys pailladensis n. sp. from the two closely related localities: MGL, Mas de Gimel (Hérault), and NAP, Naples (Hérault): A, UM-MGL-647, right DP4; A1, occlusal view; A2, lingual view; B, UM-NAP-57, enamel cover of a left DP4, unworn: B1, lingual view; B2, occlusal view; C, UM-NAP-59, left P4: C1, occlusal view; C2, labial view; D, UM-NAP-58, left P4, occlusal view; E, MicroCTScan of UM-MGL-601, holotype, unworn left M1: E1, occlusal view; E2, lingual view; E3, labial view; E', same as E (UM-MGL-601), but drawings, to compare both figurations; F, UM-MGL-639, worn right M1: F1, occlusal view; F2, lingual view; G, UM-NAP-47, unworn left M1: G1, occlusal view; G2, lingual view; H, UM-NAP-55, right M1-2, moderately worn, roots partially preserved, occlusal view; I, UM-NAP-48, left M2, moderately worn, roots partially preserved: I1, occlusal view; I2, lingual view; I3, labial view; J, UM-NAP-56, left M3, weakly worn, roots broken; J1, occlusal view; J2, lingual view; J3, labial view; K, UM-NAP-52, right M3, nearly unworn: K1, occlusal view; K2, lingual view; K3, labial view; L, UM-NAP-64, right M3, nearly unworn, roots absent, occlusal view. Scale bar: 1 mm. The background of the profiles is greyed out. On Fig. F open cracks are filled with horizontal stripes.

FIG. 8 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 8. — Equoidea from Mas de Gimel, Naples and Naples 2: A-F, teeth of Propalaeotherium gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) in occlusal views: left m1-m2 UM-MGL-77 (A), right M1 UM-NAP-103 (B), left M1 UM-NAP2-72L (C), right p4 UM-MGL-26 (D), left p4 UM-MGL-32 (E) and left p3 UM-MGL-73 (F); G-J, teeth of Pachynolophus cf. ruscasseriensis Remy, Krasovec, Lopez, Marandat & Lihoreau, 2019 in occlusal views: broken left M3 UM-MGL-361 (G), right M3 UM-NAP-99 (H), left m2 UM-MGL-369 (I) and right p3 UM-MGL-372 (J). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 7. — Large perissodactyl taxa from Mas de Gimel, Naples and Naples 2: A-C, teeth of Hyrachyus stehlini (Depéret, 1904) in occlusal view: right M1 UM-NAP-110 (A), right P3 UM-MGL-515 (B) and right m2 UM-MGL-513 (C); D-F, dental row of Lophiodon cf. leptorhynchum Filhol, 1888: mandible with right and left p2-m3 UM-NAP2-09 in lateral view (D) and occlusal focus on left side (F), right P2-M3 UM-NAP2-73 (E). Scale bars: A-C, 10 mm; D-F, 50 mm.

FIG. 3 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 3. — Apatotheria, Chiroptera, Pantolesta, and Plesiadapiformes from Mas de Gimel and Naples: A, B, molars of Heterohyus sp.: left m1 UM-NAP-16 in occlusal (A1) and labial (A2) views, left m2 UM-MGL-810 in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views; C, D, molars of Palaeochiropterygidae gen. et sp. indet.: left m3 UM-MGL-107 in occlusal (C1) and labial (C2) views, right M1 or M2 UM-NAP-19 in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views; E, left P4 UM-MGL-456 of?Icaronycteridae sp. indet. in lingual (E1) and occlusal (E2) views; F, right m1-2 UM-MGL-449 of Palaeochiropteryx cf. tupaiodon Revilliod, 1917 in occlusal (F1) and labial (F2); G, H, molars of Icaronycteris sp.: right m1 or m2 UM-NAP-20 in occlusal (G1) and labial (G2) views, left UM-NAP-21 in occlusal (H1) and labial (H2) views; I, left M1 or M2 UM-MGL-424 of Pantolestidae gen. et sp. indet. in occlusal view; J, left M3 UM-NAP-1 of?Pantolestes sabatieri Smith, 2001 in occlusal view; K, right m2 UM-MGL-741 of Arcius lapparenti in occlusal (K1) and labial (K2) views. Scale bars: A-H, K, 0.5 mm; I, J, 1 mm.

FIG. 6 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 6. — Artiodactyla from Mas de Gimel, Naples and Naples 2: A, B, molars of Protodichobune oweni Lemoine, 1878: right M3 UM-MGL-27 in occlusal view (A), left m1 UM-NAP-78 in occlusal view (B); C-F, teeth in occlusal view of Cuisitherium lydekkeri (Lemoine, 1891): left M1 UM-NAP-82 (C), right p4 UM-NAP2-73L (D), right m3 UM-NAP-76 (E) and right m1 UM-NAP-77 (F); G, right p4 of Eurodexis cf. russelli Sudre & Erfurt, 1996 UM-MGL-491 in occlusal (G1) and lingual (G2) views; H, I, molars of Diacodexis cf. varleti Sudre, Russel, Louis & Savage, 1983: right m2 UM-MGL-811 in occlusal view (H) and left M2 UM-NAP-84 in occlusal view (I); J, talonid of a left m3 UM-MGL-33 of cf. Haplobunodontidae indet. in occlusal view. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 5 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 5. — Hyaenodontidae and Carnivoraformes from Mas de Gimel: A, trigonid of right lower m1? of Matthodon peignei Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau, 2020 UM-MGL-70 in occlusal (A1) lingual (A2) and labial (A3) views; B, left m3 of Leonhardtina meridianum Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau, 2020 UM-MGL-707 in lingual (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; C, talonid of a left m1 of Lesmesodon gunnelli Solé, Morlo, Schaal & Lehmann, 2021 UM-MGL-36 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views; D, left M3 of Uintacyon cf. hookeri Solé, 2014 UM-MGL-108 in occlusal (D1) and labial (D2) views. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, C, 1 mm; D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 10 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 10. — Lower deciduous (dp4), premolars (p4) and molars (m1-2-3) of Hartenbergeromys pailladensis n. sp. from the two closely related localities: MGL, Mas de Gimel (Hérault), and NAP, Naples (Hérault): A, UM-MGL-664, right dp4, showing the diverging roots: A1, occlusal view; A2, labial view; A3, lingual view; B, UM-NAP-53, right p4, nearly unworn: B1, occlusal view; B2, labial view, enamel cover partially erased, dentine blackened; B3, lingual view; C, UM-NAP-44, left p4: C1, occlusal view; C2, labial view; C3, lingual view, enamel cover partially erased, dentine blackened; two strong vertical roots, fused at their upper part; D, UM-MGL-648, right m1, nearly unworn, MicroCTscan, occlusal view; D', same as D, drawings; E, UM-NAP-43, left m1, nearly unworn, incomplete roots: E1, occlusal view; E2, labial view; F, UM-NAP-39, left m1, weakly worn, incomplete roots: F1, occlusal view; F2, lingual view; G, UM-MGL-618, worn left m2, occlusal view; H, UM-NAP-35, unworn left m2: H1, occlusal view; H2, lingual view; I, UM-NAP-33, moderately worn right m2: I1, occlusal view; I2, lingual view; J, UM-NAP-41, worn m2 with labial side damaged, occlusal view; K, UM-NAP-34, unworn right m2: K1, occlusal view; K2, lingual view; L, UM-NAP-38, right m3, occlusal view; M, UM-NAP-46, left m3, unworn: M1, occlusal view; M2, lingual view; M3, labial view; N, UM-NAP-37, left m3, weakly worn, incomplete roots: N1, occlusal view; N2, lingual view; O, UM-NAP-36, right m3: O1, occlusal view; O2, labial view. Scale bar: 1 mm. The background of the profiles is greyed out on E2, F2, H2, M2.

FIG. 1 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 1. — Geographic (A) and geological map (B) showing the location of Mas de Gimel, Naples, and Naples 2 (Montpellier, Herault). Numbers: 1, Callovian; 2, lower Oxfordian; 3, upper Oxfordian; 4, lower Kimmeridgian; 5, Maastrichtian; 6, Paleocene ["Vitrollian"]; 7, late Ypresian; 8, Ypresian/Lutetian; 9, Oligocene; 10, Miocene; 11, Pliocene; 12, Holocene. Actual view (C) and schematic diagram in 1968 (D, modified from Cappetta et al. 1968) of Mas de Gimel outcrop, showing that fossiliferous deposits are now inaccessible (under the road level); Numbers: 1, lower Kimmeridgian; 2, late Ypresian brecciated limestone; 3, late Ypresian brownish marl; 4, late Ypresian/early Lutetian lacustrine limestone. View of Naples and Naples 2 localities in 1988 during urban development works (E) and detailed view of Naples 2 fossiliferous level, showing two mandibles of Lophiodon Cuvier, 1822 during excavations (F).

FIG. 4 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 4. — Primates and Rodentia from Mas de Gimel and Naples: A-C, teeth of cf. Protoadapis curvicuspidens (Lemoine, 1878): A, left p4 UM-MGL-548 in occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views; B, left m2 UM-MGL-740 in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views; C, right M2 UM-MGL-542 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views; D, right m1 UM-NAP-31 of Anchomomys sp. in occlusal (D1) and labial (D2) views; E-H, teeth of Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot, Russel & Louis, 1992: E, left p3 UM-MGL-408 in labial (E1) and occlusal (E2) views, left p4 UM-MGL-413 in labial (F1) and occlusal (F2) views, right m1 UM-MGL-401 in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views, left upper molar UM-MGL-743 in occlusal (H1) and lingual (H2) views; I, right m1 UM-MGL-219 of Pseudoparamys sp. indet. in occlusal view. Scale bars: A-D, I, 1 mm; E-H, 0.5 mm.