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255 results for “Sea stars”

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zenodo36/100

Fig. 4 in Diet And Feeding In The Sea Star Astropecten Indicus (Döderlein, 1888)

Fig. 4. Stomach packing of A. indicus after ingesting Umbonium vestiarium ad libitum.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2011View details →

dryad36/100

Chemosensory behaviour of juvenile crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster sp.), attraction to algal and coral food, and avoidance of adult conspecifics

Intraspecific and habitat-mediated responses to chemical cues play key roles in structuring populations of marine species. We investigated the behaviour of herbivorous-stage juvenile crown-of-thorns sea stars (COTS: Acanthaster sp.) in flow-through choice chambers to determine if chemical cues from their habitat influence movement and their transition to becoming coral predators. Juveniles at the diet transition stage were exposed to cues from their nursery habitat (coral rubble-crustose coralline algae -CCA), live coral, and adult COTS to determine if waterborne cues influence movement. In response to CCA and coral as sole cues juveniles moved toward the cue source and when these cues were presented in combination, they exhibited a preference for coral. Juveniles moved away from adult COTS cues. Exposure to food cues (coral, CCA) in the presence of adult cues resulted in variable responses. Our results suggest a feedback mechanism whereby juvenile behaviour is mediated by adult chemical cues. Cues from the adult population may deter juveniles from the switch to corallivory. As outbreaks wane, juveniles released from competition may serve as a proximate source of outbreaks, supporting the juveniles-in-waiting hypothesis. The accumulation of juveniles within the reef infrastructure is an underappreciated potential source of COTS outbreaks that devastate coral reefs.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Kinematics of sea star legged locomotion

Sea stars have slower crawling and faster bouncing gaits. Both speed and oscillation amplitude increase during the transition from crawling to oscillating. In the bouncy gait, vertical velocities precede horizontal velocities by 98&[deg], as reflected by clockwise circular hodographs. Potential energy precedes horizontal energy by 16&[deg] and so are nearly in phase. These phase relationships resemble terrestrial running gaits, except that podia are always on the ground. Kinetic and potential energy scale as mass1.1, with the change in kinetic energy consistently two orders of magnitude less, indicating that efficient exchange is not feasible. Frequency of the bouncy gait scales with mass-0.14, which is similar to continuously running vertebrates and indicates that gravitational forces are important. This scaling differs from the Hill model, in which scaling of muscle forces determine frequency. We propose a simple torque stabilized inverted pendulum (TS-IP) model to conceptualize the dynamics of this gait. The TS-IP model incorporates mathematics equivalent to an angular spring, but implemented by a nearly constant upward force generated by the podia in each step. That upward force is just larger than the force required to sustain the underwater weight of the sea star. Even though the bouncy gait is the rapid gait for these sea stars, the pace of movement is still very slow. In fact, the observed Froude numbers (10-2 to 10-3) are much lower than those typical of vertebrate locomotion and are as low or lower than those reported for slow walking fruit flies, which are the lowest values for pedestrian Froude numbers of which we are aware. --

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

dryad36/100

The first records of Sea Star Wasting Disease in Crossaster papposus in Europe

Sea Star Wasting Disease (SSWD) refers to a suite of gross pathological signs observed in Asteroidea species. It presents to varying degrees as abnormal posture, epidermal ulceration, arm autotomy and eversion of viscera. We report observations of SSWD in the sunstar Crossaster papposus, the first observations of its kind in Europe. While the exact cause of SSWD remains unknown, studies have proposed pathogenic and environmental-stress pathways for disease outbreaks. Although the present observations do not support a precise aetiology, the presence of SSWD in a keystone predator may have wide reaching ecological and management implications.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Carryover effects in a sea star: Juvenile resource availability does not compensate for a poor larval environment

Carryover effects are widespread in nature and can link early-life experiences to the regulation of populations. However, for organisms with complex life cycles, it is unclear whether offspring can overcome negative early-life experiences when provided with abundant post-metamorphic resources. We tested this by rearing larvae of the keystone sea star Asterias forbesi, under high or low food conditions, and then reared the juveniles for 2–3 weeks under one of four food treatments. Larvae reared under low food conditions took longer to reach metamorphosis and settled as smaller juveniles with fewer spines. For early settlers (mean age at settlement = 24.0 d), carryover effects of low larval food significantly reduced post-metamorphic size, mussel consumption and growth. However for late settlers (mean age at settlement = 29.3 d), there were no carryover effects of larval food availability detected post-metamorphosis. The differences between early and late settlers may indicate a trade-off between larval duration and the presence of carryover effects. Our data suggest that carryover effects mediated by body size at settlement could determine post-metamorphic survival, growth, and performance, ultimately impacting the recruitment of this keystone predator.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Gene prediction for: A reference genome for ecological restoration of the sunflower sea star, Pycnopodia helianthoides

<div> <div> <div> <div>Wildlife diseases, such as the sea star wasting (SSW) epizootic that outbroke in the mid-2010s, appear to be associated with acute and/or chronic abiotic environmental change; dissociating the effects of different drivers can be difficult. The sunflower sea star, Pycnopodia helianthoides, was the species most severely impacted during the SSW outbreak, which overlapped with periods of anomalous atmospheric and oceanographic conditions, and there is not yet a consensus on the cause(s). Genomic data may reveal underlying molecular signatures that implicate a subset of factors and, thus, clarify past events while also setting the scene for effective restoration efforts. To advance this goal, we used Pacific Biosciences HiFi long sequencing reads and Dovetail Omni-C proximity reads to generate a highly contiguous genome assembly that was then annotated using RNA-seq-informed gene prediction. The genome assembly is 484 Mb long, with contig N50 of 1.9 Mb, scaffold N50 of 21.8 Mb, BUSCO completeness score 96.1%, and 22 major scaffolds consistent with prior evidence that sea star genomes comprise 22 autosomes. These statistics generally fall between those of other recently assembled chromosome-scale assemblies for two species in the distantly related asteroid genus Pisaster. These novel genomic resources for Pycnopodia helianthoides will underwrite population genomic, comparative genomic, and phylogenomic analyses — as well as their integration across scales — of SSW and environmental stressors. This data resource contains the files associated with gene prediction.</div> </div> </div> </div>

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

dryad36/100