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152 results for “Serrasalmidae”
FIGURE 5 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
FIGURE 5. Adult and juvenile specimens of Serrasalmus gouldingi (A and B) and S. manueli (C and D) from southern Venezuela. Adult specimens (upper frame) are 195 and 240 mm SL; juvenile specimens (lower frame) are both 65 mm SL. Museum catalogue numbers for A-D: UF 148231, UF 120211, UF 121513, and UF 81180.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
FIGURE 2. Van Every and Kritsky (1992) hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships of 10 piranha species from the central Amazon based on their helminth (Anacanthorus) parasite fauna.
FIGURE 4 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
FIGURE 4. Map of northern South America showing collection sites of Serrasalmus manueli (triangles), S. gouldingi (circles), and Serrasalmus sp. "A" (diamond). Symbols may represent more than one collecting locality. Solid red symbols represent capture sites for material used in present genetic study (Maps A and B); numbers pertain to individual specimens, S. manueli (1-10), S. gouldingi (11-16), and Serrasalmus sp. "A" (17) (see Table 1). Hollow symbols on Map A are based on museum records and published information (specimen identities and capture localities were not verified for all records). Stars represent type localities for S. manueli (Pr, Rio Parguaza) and S. gouldingi (lower Rio Negro). Principal rivers: A, Amazon; B, Branco; C, Casiquiare; G-N, Guainia-Negro; J, Japurá; N, Negro; R, Orinoco; and S-A, Solimões. Other rivers: Ar, Arirará; Ca, Capanaparo; Ci, Cinaruco; Cu, Cunucunuma; Cv, Cuchiverio; D, Daraá; G, Guaypo-Sipapo; P, Pasimoni; Pr, Parguaza; Sb, San Bartolo (Guariquito system); Si, Siapa; T, Atabapo-Atacavi; and V, Ventuari.
PLATE 7 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
PLATE 7. Piaractus brachypomus (33) (Photograph provided by Robert Lea). (No photograph or voucher available for specimen 32.)
FIGURE 8 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
FIGURE 8. Phylogram of combined ribosomal and control region sequences. Analysis includes specimens appearing in bold font in Figure 7. Proportion of trees from posterior distribution possessing a given clade below branch, parsimony bootstrap proportions (>50%) above branch. Specimen sequences from original material appear in shadow boxes, associated number in parentheses (1–33) correspond to numbered specimens and information presented in Table 1 and elsewhere. GenBank sequences are followed by gb. Arrow marks branches with lengths that were not significantly different from zero. GenBank (gb) species with asterisk (*) indicate taxa of which we question the identification.
PLATE 4 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
PLATE 4. Serrasalmus medinai (20) and S. irritans (21–23). (Photograph of live 20-S. medinai by Noel Burkhead.)
PLATE 3 in Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories
PLATE 3. Serrasalmus gouldingi (16), Serrasalmus sp. A (17), and S. medinai (18–19). Images of Serrasalmus sp. "A" are of specimen 17 (originally captured in 1991) at different ages, including the same fish live in captivity photographed in 1993 (as juvenile about 2+ years old), 2006, and after preservation in 2007.
Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how dietary convergence and parallelism obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy
<p>The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world's most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families is the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are inconsistent across different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We analyzed exon capture to reexamine the evolutionary relationships among 63 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly of genera within Myleinae, as well as between <em>Serrasalmus</em> and <em>Pristobrycon</em>, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological homoplasy, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae.</p>
Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how dietary convergence and parallelism obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy
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Fig. 1 in New Myloplus from Essequibo River basin, Guyana, with discussion on the taxonomic status of Myleus pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 1. Myloplus taphorni: Guyana, Essequibo Basin. a. Holotype, CSBD F 3611, male, 143.3 mm SL; Paratypes, b. UMMZ 251911, male, 154.9 mm SL, and c. ROM 101262, female, 142.4 mm SL. Photos: MCA.
Fig. 5. Collection localities for Myloplus taphorni. a in New Myloplus from Essequibo River basin, Guyana, with discussion on the taxonomic status of Myleus pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 5. Collection localities for Myloplus taphorni. a. Eping Creek; b. Type locality, Lower Kurupung River near the mouth. Both streams are tributaries of the middle Mazaruni River, Guyana. Photos: HLF.
Fig. 3. Myloplus taphorni photographed shortly after capture. a in New Myloplus from Essequibo River basin, Guyana, with discussion on the taxonomic status of Myleus pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 3. Myloplus taphorni photographed shortly after capture. a. Male, paratype, UMMZ 251911, male, 154.9 mm SL, Guyana, Eping creek. b. Female, paratype, ROM 101262, 142.4 mm SL, Guyana, Lower Kurupung River. Photos: HLF.
Fig. 2 in New Myloplus from Essequibo River basin, Guyana, with discussion on the taxonomic status of Myleus pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 2. Radiograph of Myloplus taphorni, paratype, UMMZ 251911, male, 154.9 mm SL. Courtesy E. Holm (ROM).
Fig. 1 in Stress-reducing and anesthetic effects of the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba on Serrasalmus eigenmanni (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 1. Time required for induction and recovery of anesthesia in Serrasalmus eigenmanni. a. Aloysia triphylla essential oil. b. Lippia alba essential oil. Different letters indicate significant differences at each stage between treatments based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Stress-reducing and anesthetic effects of the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba on Serrasalmus eigenmanni (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 4. Ammonia excretion of Serrasalmus eigenmanni exposed to essential oils for 4 hours. a. A. triphylla essential oil. b. L. alba essential oil. * indicates a significant difference from control fish and # indicates a significant difference from ethanol-exposed fish, based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (P <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Stress-reducing and anesthetic effects of the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba on Serrasalmus eigenmanni (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 2. Swimming time of Serrasalmus eigenmanni exposed to a. A. triphylla essential oil. b. L. alba essential oil. Different letters indicate significant differences at each exposure time between treatments based on the non-parametric Scheirer-Ray-Hare extension of the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by a post-hoc Nemenyi test. * indicates a significant difference from control fish. # indicates a significant difference from ethanolexposed fish.
Fig. 3 in Stress-reducing and anesthetic effects of the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba on Serrasalmus eigenmanni (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 3. Net ion fluxes of Serrasalmus eigenmanni exposed to essential oils for 4 hours. a. A. triphylla essential oil. b. L. alba essential oil. # indicates a significant difference from ethanol-exposed fish, based on one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Anesthesia of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with the essential oils of Aniba rosaeodora and Aniba parviflora and their major compound, linalool
Fig. 1. Relationships of concentration x anesthesia induction or recovery time in tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, exposed to the essential oils. a. Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR); deep sedation: y=24.8+(8300/x), r2=0.705, deep anesthesia: y=-102.3+(36527/x), r2=0.913. Light sedation and recovery: no significant relationship. b. Aniba parviflora (EOAP); light sedation: y=2.08+(6563/x), r2=0.832, deep sedation: y=13.2+(10098/x), r2=0.703, deep anesthesia: y=-79.8+(41067/x), r2=0.906. Recovery: no significant relationship. y = time to reach stage or recovery (s) and x = concentration (µL L-1).
Fig. 3 in Karyotype differentiation and cytotaxonomic considerations in species of Serrasalmidae (Characiformes) from the Amazon basin
Fig. 3. Chromosome pairs of Serrasalmidae species showing the co-localization of the heterochromatic C-positive band (left side) and 5S rDNA site (right side): a-b) Serrasalmus elongatus; c-d) Serrasalmus maculatus; e-f) Serrasalmus cf. rhombeus; g-h) Serrasalmus rhombeus; i-j) Pygocentrus nattereri; k-l) Colossoma macropomum. Numbers indicate the corresponding chromosome pair in the karyotypes of the species. Pair 12 in Colossoma macropomum does not exhibit the conspicuous C-band.
Fig. 1 in Karyotype differentiation and cytotaxonomic considerations in species of Serrasalmidae (Characiformes) from the Amazon basin
Fig. 1. Analyzed Serrasalmidae species: a) Serrasalmus elongatus (total length = 19.5 cm); b) Serrasalmus maculatus (total length = 15.5 cm); c) Serrasalmus cf. rhombeus (total length = 12.5 cm); d) Serrasalmus rhombeus (total length = 17.5 cm); e) Pygocentrus nattereri (total length = 15.0 cm); f) Colossoma macropomum (total length = 19.0 cm).
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