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345 results for “Sex chromosome”
Whole-genome analysis across ten songbird families within Sylvioidea reveals a novel autosome–sex chromosome fusion
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Data from: Rewinding the ratchet: Rare recombination locally rescues neo-W degeneration and generates plateaus of sex-chromosome divergence
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Chromosome-level genome assembly of Dynastes reidi reveals structural evolution of autosomes and the sex chromosomes in Hercules Beetles
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Genetic sex determination, sex chromosome size and sex-specific lifespan across tetrapods
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Sex-biased gene content associates with sex chromosome turnover in Danaini butterflies
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Heterogeneous histories of recombination suppression on stickleback sex chromosomes
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The evolutionary maintenance of ancient recombining sex chromosomes in the ostrich
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Data from: Simulating effects of fitness and dispersal on the use of Trojan sex chromosomes for invasive species management
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MicrosatNavigator: Exploring nonrandom distribution and lineage-specificity of microsatellite repeat motifs on vertebrate sex chromosomes across 186 whole genomes
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Data from: Genetic responsiveness of African buffalo to environmental stressors: a role for epigenetics in balancing autosomal and sex chromosome interactions?
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Sex-linked markers by genome-wide RAD sequencing to identify XX/XY Sex Chromosomes in the spiny frog (Quasipaa boulengeri)
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Widespread recombination suppression facilitates plant sex chromosome evolution
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Evaluation of four methods to identify the homozygotic sex chromosome in small populations
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Data from: The role of conflict in the formation and maintenance of variant sex chromosome systems in mammals
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Data from: Evolution of multiple sex-chromosomes associated with dynamic genome reshuffling in Leptidea wood-white butterflies
<p>Sex chromosome systems tend to be highly conserved and knowledge about their evolution typically comes from macroevolutionary inferences. Rapidly evolving complex sex chromosome systems represent a rare opportunity to study the mechanisms of sex chromosome evolution at unprecedented resolution. Three cryptic species of wood white butterflies – <i><span>Leptidea juvernica</span></i>, <i><span>L. sinapis</span></i>, and <i><span>L. reali</span></i> – have each a unique set of multiple sex chromosomes with 3–4 W and 3–4 Z chromosomes. Using a transcriptome-based microarray for comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) and a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, both developed in <i><span>L. juvernica</span></i>, we identified Z-linked <i><span>Leptidea</span></i> orthologs of <i><span>Bombyx mori</span></i> genes and mapped them by fluorescence <i><span>in situ</span></i> hybridization (FISH) with BAC probes on multiple Z chromosomes. In all three species, we determined synteny blocks of autosomal origin and reconstructed the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes. In addition, we identified W-homologs of Z-linked orthologs and characterized their molecular differentiation. Our results suggest that the multiple sex chromosome system evolved in a common ancestor of these three <i><span>Leptidea</span></i> species as a result of dynamic genome reshuffling through repeated rearrangements between the sex chromosomes and autosomes, including translocations and fissions. Thus, the sex chromosome turnover could not play a role in reproductive isolation between the <i><span>Leptidea </span></i>species studied. However, we suggest that subsequent species-specific rearrangements of multiple sex chromosomes, along with different rates of neo-W chromosome degeneration and significantly increased number of Z-linked genes could accelerate the accumulation of genetic incompatibilities between populations and promote their divergence resulting in speciation.</p>
Assigning the sex-specific markers via genotyping-by-sequencing onto the Y chromosome for a torrent frog Amolops mantzorum
<p><span>We use a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach to identify sex-linked markers in a torrent frog (<i>Amolops mantzorum</i>) using wild-caught individuals of 21 males and 19 females from the same population. A total of 141 putatively sex-linked markers were screened from 1,015,964 GBS tags through three approaches, respectively based on sex differences in allele frequencies, sex difference in heterozygosity, and sex-limited occurrence. With validations, 69 sex-linked markers were confirmed, all of which point to male heterogamety. The male specificity of eight sex markers was further verified by PCR amplifications with a large number of additional individuals covering the whole geographic distribution of the species. Y chromosome (No. 5) was microdissected under a light microscope, amplified by whole-genome amplification, and assembled a draft Y genome. 55 out of 69 sex-linked markers could be mapped to the Y chromosome assembly (i.e 79.7 %). Thus the chromosome 5 could be added as candidate chromosomes that particularly favored to recruit for sex determination than others among frogs. Three sex-linked markers that mapped on Y chromosome were aligned to three different promoter regions of <i>Rana rugosa</i> CYP19A1 gene, which might be considered as a candidate gene to trigger sex determination in <i>A</i>.<i> mantzorum</i>.</span></p>
Identification of a novel sex determining chromosome in cichlid fishes that acts as XY or ZW in different lineages
<p>Sex determination systems are highly conserved among most vertebrates with genetic sex determination, but can be variable and evolve rapidly in some. Here, we study sex determination in a clade with exceptionally high sex chromosome turnover rates. We identify the sex determining chromosomes in three interspecific crosses of haplochromine cichlid fishes from Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We find evidence for different sex determiners in each cross. In the Malawi cross and one Victoria cross the same chromosome is sex-linked but while females are the heterogametic sex in the Malawi species, males are the heterogametic sex in the Victoria species. This chromosome has not previously been reported to be sex determining in cichlids, increasing the number of different chromosomes shown to be sex determining in cichlids to 12. All Lake Victoria species of our crosses are less than 15,000 years divergent, and we identified different sex determiners among them. Our study provides further evidence for the diversity and evolutionary flexibility of sex determination in cichlids, factors which might contribute to their rapid adaptive radiations.</p>
Data from: Sex without sex chromosomes: genetic architecture of multiple loci independently segregating to determine sex ratios in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
Sex determining systems are remarkably diverse and may evolve rapidly. Polygenic sex determination systems are predicted to be transient and evolutionarily unstable yet examples have been reported across a range of taxa. Here we provide the first direct evidence of polygenic sex determination in Tigriopus californicus, a harpacticoid copepod with no heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Using genetically distinct inbred lines selected for male- and female-biased clutches, we generated a genetic map with 39 SNPs across 12 chromosomes. Quantitative trait locus mapping of sex ratio phenotype (the proportion of male offspring produced by an F2 female) in four F2 families revealed six independently segregating quantitative trait loci on five separate chromosomes, explaining 19% of the variation in sex ratios. The sex ratio phenotype varied among loci across chromosomes in both direction and magnitude, with the strongest phenotypic effects on chromosome 10 moderated to some degree by loci on four other chromosomes. For a given locus, sex ratio phenotype varied in magnitude for individuals derived from different dam lines. These data, together with the environmental factors known to contribute to sex determination, characterize the underlying complexity and potential lability of sex determination, and confirm the polygenic architecture of sex determination in T. californicus.
Data from: Gene flow mediates the role of sex chromosome meiotic drive during complex speciation
During speciation, sex chromosomes often accumulate interspecific genetic incompatibilities faster than the rest of the genome. The drive theory posits that sex chromosomes are susceptible to recurrent bouts of meiotic drive and suppression, causing the evolutionary build-up of divergent cryptic sex-linked drive systems and, incidentally, genetic incompatibilities. To assess the role of drive during speciation, we combine high-resolution genetic mapping of X-linked hybrid male sterility with population genomics analyses of divergence and recent gene flow between the fruitfly species, <em>Drosophila mauritiana </em>and<em> D. simulans</em>. Our findings reveal a high density of genetic incompatibilities and a corresponding dearth of gene flow on the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we find that a known drive element recently migrated between species and, rather than contributing to interspecific divergence, caused a strong reduction in local sequence divergence, undermini ng the evolution of hybrid sterility. Gene flow can therefore mediate the effects of selfish genetic elements during speciation.
Data from: Sex-chromosome recombination in common frogs brings water to the fountain-of-youth
According to the canonical model of sex-chromosome evolution, the degeneration of Y or W chromosomes (as observed in mammals and birds respectively) results from an arrest of recombination in the heterogametic sex, driven by the fixation of sexually antagonistic mutations. However, sex chromosomes have remained homomorphic in many lineages of fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles. According to the 'fountain-of-youth' model, this homomorphy results from occasional events of sex reversal. If recombination arrest in males is controlled by maleness per se (and not by genotype), then Y chromosomes are expected to recombine in XY females, preventing their long-term degeneration. Here we provide field support for the fountain-of-youth, by showing that sex-chromosome recombination in Rana temporaria only depends on phenotypic sex: naturally-occurring XX males show the same restriction of recombination as XY males (average map length ~2 cM), while XY females recombine as much as XX females (average map length ~150 cM). Our results challenge several common assumptions regarding the evolution of sex chromosomes, including the role of sexually antagonistic genes as drivers of recombination arrest, and that of chromosomal inversions as underlying mechanisms.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.