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276 results for “Small population”
Reduced pollinator service in small populations of Arabidopsis lyrata at its southern range limit
<p>Even though a high fraction of angiosperm plants depend on animal pollinators for sexual reproduction, little is known how pollinator service changes across the ranges of plant species' and whether it may contribute to range limits. Here, we tested for variation in pollinator service in the North American Arabidopsis lyrata from its southern to northern range edge and evaluated the driving mechanisms. We monitored insect pollinators using time-lapse cameras in 13 populations over two years and spotted 67 pollinating insect taxa, indicating the generalist nature of this plant-pollinator system. Pollinator service was highest at intermediate local flower densities and higher in large compared to small plant populations. Southern populations had generally smaller population sizes, and visitation rate and pollination ratio decreased with latitude. We also found that pollinator visitation was positively correlated with the richness of other flowering plants. Synthesis: This study indicates that plant populations at southern range edges receive only marginal pollinator service if they are small, and the effect of lower pollination is also detectable within populations across the range when the local flower density is low. Results therefore suggest the potential for an Allee effect in pollination that manifests itself across spatial scales.</p>
Small craters population as a useful geological investigative tool: Apollo 17 region as a case study - Craters Data
<p>Crater coordinates for areas under investigation. Unit names ref. to paper.</p> <p>Data format: Lat,Lon,Diam_km,Diam_m and Area in Km^2</p>
Data from: Population signatures of large-scale, long-term disjunction and small-scale, short-term habitat fragmentation in an Afromontane forest bird
The Eastern Afromontane cloud forests occur as geographically distinct mountain exclaves. The conditions of these forests range from large to small and from fairly intact to strongly degraded. For this study, we sampled individuals of the forest bird species, the Montane White-eye Zosterops poliogaster from 16 sites and four mountain archipelagos. We analysed 12 polymorphic microsatellites and three phenotypic traits, and calculated Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to project past distributions and predict potential future range shifts under a scenario of climate warming. We found well-supported genetic and morphologic clusters corresponding to the mountain ranges where populations were sampled, with 43% of all alleles being restricted to single mountains. Our data suggest that large-scale and long-term geographic isolation on mountain islands caused genetically and morphologically distinct population clusters in Z. poliogaster. However, major genetic and biometric splits were not correlated to the geographic distances among populations. This heterogeneous pattern can be explained by past climatic shifts, as highlighted by our SDM projections. Anthropogenically fragmented populations showed lower genetic diversity and a lower mean body mass, possibly in response to suboptimal habitat conditions. On the basis of these findings and the results from our SDM analysis we predict further loss of genotypic and phenotypic uniqueness in the wake of climate change, due to the contraction of the species' climatic niche and subsequent decline in population size.
Data from: Trait-demography relationships underlying small mammal population fluctuations
Large-scale fluctuations in abundance are a common feature of small mammal populations and have been the subject of extensive research. These demographic fluctuations are often associated with concurrent changes in the average body mass of individuals, sometimes referred to as the 'Chitty effect'. Despite the long-standing recognition of this phenomenon, an empirical investigation of the underlying coupled dynamics of body mass and population growth has been lacking. Using long-term life-history data combined with a trait-based demographic approach, we examined the relationship between body mass and demography in a small mammal population that exhibits non-cyclic, large-scale fluctuations in abundance. We used data from the male segment of a 25-year study of the monogamous prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, in Illinois, USA. Specifically, we investigated how trait–demography relationships and trait distributions changed between different phases of population fluctuations, and the consequences of these changes for both trait and population dynamics. We observed phase-specific changes in male adult body mass distribution in this population of prairie voles. Our analyses revealed that these changes were driven by variation in ontogenetic growth, rather than selection acting on the trait. The resulting changes in body mass influenced most life-history processes, and these effects varied among phases of population fluctuation. However, these changes did not propagate to affect the population growth rate due to the small effect of body mass on vital rates, compared to the overall differences in vital rates between phases. The increase phase of the fluctuations was initiated by enhanced survival, particularly of juveniles and fecundity, whereas the decline phase was driven by an overall reduction in fecundity, survival and maturation rates. Our study provides empirical support, as well as a potential mechanism, underlying the observed trait changes accompanying population fluctuations. Body size dynamics and population fluctuations resulted from different life-history processes. Therefore, we conclude that body size dynamics in our population do not drive the observed population dynamics. This more in-depth understanding of different components of small mammal population fluctuations will help us to better identify the mechanistic drivers of this interesting phenomenon.
Figure 3 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figure 3. Bioacoustic terminology followed for Poecilimon luschani species group: A, a syllable sequence; B, impulses in a single syllable.
Figures 82–84 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figures 82–84. Plots showing results of Tukey's analyses applied to four song parameters from Poecilimon luschani species group given in Table 2. 82, syllable duration; 83, impulse number per syllable; 84, impulse period.
Figure 2. Morphological terminology followed for Poecilimon luschani species group. A in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figure 2. Morphological terminology followed for Poecilimon luschani species group. A, male head pronotum and tegmina from above; B, tegmina from ventral side; C, male cerci; D, male subgenital plate; E, female genitalia from profile.
Figures 48–65 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figures 48–65. Male subgenital plate in Poecilimon luschani species group, each representing a population (scale bar = 2 mm): 48, İzmir; 49, Balkan; 50, Balıkesir; 51, Kütahya; 52, Aydın; 53, Akdag˘; 54, Erentepe; 55, Es¸en1; 56, Es¸en2; 57, Es¸en3; 58, Patara; 59, Kalkan; 60, Demre; 61, Olympos; 62, Kemer; 63, Tahtalıdag˘; 64, Termessos; 65, Bakırlıdağ.
Figure 1 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figure 1. Distribution of the Poecilimon luschani species group (filled circles indicate the specimens used for morphology, song, and DNA studies, see Table 1; open circles indicate the material in the collection of K.G. Heller; taxa names are according to the results of this study).
Figures 22–29 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figures 22–29. Male pronotum from profile in Poecilimon luschani species group, each representing a phylogroup suggested by the phylogenetic tree (scale bar = 4 mm): 22, İzmir; 23, Balkan; 24, Balıkesir; 25, Kütahya; 26, Aydın; 27, Demre; 28, west phylogroup of the Antalya + Mug˘ la range; 29, east phylogroup of the Antalya + Mug˘ la range.
Figures 74–81 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figures 74–81. Male calling song in Poecilimon luschani species group, each representing a phylogroup suggested by the phylogenetic tree (A, a syllable sequence; B, details of a syllable): 74, İzmir; 75, Balkan; 76, Balıkesir; 77, Kütahya; 78, Aydın; 79, Demre; 80, west phylogroup of the Antalya + Mug˘ la range; 81, east phylogroup of the Antalya + Mug˘ la range.
Figures 4–21 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figures 4–21. Male pronotum from dorsal in Poecilimon luschani species group, each representing a population (scale bar = 2 mm): 4, İzmir; 5, Balkan; 6, Balıkesir; 7, Kütahya; 8, Aydın; 9, Akdag˘; 10, Erentepe; 11, Es¸en1; 12, Es¸en2; 13, Es¸en3; 14, Patara; 15, Kalkan; 16, Demre; 17, Olympos; 18, Kemer; 19, Tahtalıdag˘; 20, Termessos; 21, Bakırlıdağ.
Figure 86 in Integrated systematics of the Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area
Figure 86. Evolution of the male cerci and subgenital plate in the light of molecular phylogeny and the background for taxonomic decisions for Poecilimon luschani species group. MU, morphological unit.
Figure 3 in Distribution modelling of the rare stink bug Ceratozygum horridum (Germar, 1839): isolated in small spots across the Neotropics or a continuous population?
Figure 3. Maps of occurrence probability of stink bug Ceratozygum horridum transferred to different biomes; 1: Continuous values of median occurrence probability resulting from an ensemble of all models performed with different numbers of background points; 2: mask showing areas with dissimilar environments recovered from multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS). (a) Amazon; (b) Dry diagonal; (c) Atlantic Forest.
Figure 2 in Distribution modelling of the rare stink bug Ceratozygum horridum (Germar, 1839): isolated in small spots across the Neotropics or a continuous population?
Figure 2. (a) Occurrence data of Ceratozygum horridum; highlighted in light grey the convex hull polygon comprising the 10 records in Amazon forest used to train the models; in dark grey a 100 km buffer; (b) continuous values of median occurrence probability resulting from an ensemble with all cross-validations predictions of each model performed with different numbers of background points.
Figure 1 in Distribution modelling of the rare stink bug Ceratozygum horridum (Germar, 1839): isolated in small spots across the Neotropics or a continuous population?
Figure 1. (a) Distribution map of Ceratozygum horridum; B, C Habitus of C. horridum. (b) Dorsal; (c): Lateral. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Capturing the dynamics of small populations: A retrospective assessment using long-term data for an island reintroduction
<p>1. The art of population modelling is to incorporate factors essential for capturing a population's dynamics while otherwise keeping the model as simple as possible. However, it is unclear how optimal model complexity should be assessed, and whether this optimal complexity has been affected by recent advances in modelling methodology. This issue is particularly relevant to small populations because they are subject to complex dynamics but inferences about those dynamics are often constrained by small sample sizes.</p> <p>2. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models to long-term data on vital rates (survival and reproduction) for the toutouwai (Petroica longipes) population reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi, a 220-ha New Zealand island, and quantified the performance of those models in terms of their likelihood of replicating the observed population dynamics. These dynamics consisted of overall growth from 33 (± 0.3) to 160 (± 6) birds from 1992–2018, including recoveries following five harvest events for further reintroductions to other sites.</p> <p>3. We initially included all factors found to affect vital rates, which included inbreeding, post-release effects, density-dependence, sex, age and random annual variation, then progressively removed these factors. We also compared performance of models where data analysis and simulations were done simultaneously to those produced with the traditional two-step approach, where vital rates are estimated first then fed into a separate simulation model. Parametric uncertainty and demographic stochasticity were incorporated in all projections.</p> <p>4. The essential factors for replicating the population's dynamics were density-dependence in juvenile survival and post-release effects, i.e. initial depression of survival and reproduction in translocated birds. Inclusion of other factors reduced the precision of projections, and therefore the likelihood of matching observed dynamics. However, this reduction was modest when the modelling was done in an integrated framework. In contrast, projections were much less precise when done with a two-step modelling approach, and the cost of additional parameters was much higher under the two-step approach.</p> <p>5. These results suggest that minimization of complexity may be less important than accounting for covariances in parameter estimates, which is facilitated by integrating data analysis and population projections using Bayesian methods. 13-Aug-2021 --</p>
Developmental instability and phenotypic evolution in a small and isolated bear population
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Data from: Indirect effects of a large mammalian herbivore on small mammal populations: context-dependent variation across habitat types, mammal species and seasons
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Data from: Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of the Canarian endemic palm (Phoenix canariensis)
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