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Year 1 Tanzanian ponds snail-parasite dynamics
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Different populations of hosts and parasites experience distinct seasonality in environmental factors, depending on local-scale biotic and abiotic factors. This can lead to highly heterogeneous disease outcomes across host ranges. Variable seasonality characterizes urogenital schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic trematodes (<em>Schistosoma</em> <em>haematobium</em>). Their intermediate hosts are aquatic <em>Bulinus</em> snails that are highly adapted to extreme rainfall seasonality, undergoing prolonged dormancy yearly. While <em>Bulinus</em> snails have a remarkable capacity for rebounding following dormancy, we investigated the extent to which parasite survival within snails is diminished. We conducted an investigation of seasonal snail-schistosome dynamics in 109 ponds of variable ephemerality in Tanzania from August 2021 to July 2022. First, we found that ponds have two synchronized peaks of schistosome infection prevalence and observed cercariae, though of lower magnitude in the fully-desiccating than non-desiccating ponds. Second, we evaluated total yearly schistosome prevalence across an ephemerality gradient, finding ponds with intermediate ephemerality to have the highest infection rates. We also investigated dynamics of non-schistosome trematodes, which lacked synonymity with schistosome patterns. We found peak schistosome transmission risk at intermediate pond ephemerality, thus the impacts of anticipated increases in landscape desiccation could result in increases or decreases in transmission risk with global change.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
FIGURE 6 in Reassessment and systematic position of the sinistral snails of genus Hemiplecta from Thailand (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 6 SEM images of radula. A-C. Hemiplecta retrorsa, CUMZ 5094 from Ranong Province, (A) central and inner lateral teeth, (B) outer lateral teeth, and (C) outer marginal teeth. D, E. Hemiplecta thailandica n. sp., holotype CUMZ 5095/1 from the type locality, (D) central and lateral teeth, and (E) lateral teeth and marginal teeth. F. Hemiplecta ligorica n. sp., paratype CUMZ 5087 from the type locality. Central tooth indicated by 'C'. Numbers indicate the tooth order from lateral to marginal end.
FIGURE 5 Genital characters. A, B. Hemiplecta retrorsa, CUMZ 5094 from Ranong Province. C, D. Hemiplecta thailandica n in Reassessment and systematic position of the sinistral snails of genus Hemiplecta from Thailand (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 5 Genital characters. A, B. Hemiplecta retrorsa, CUMZ 5094 from Ranong Province. C, D. Hemiplecta thailandica n. sp., holotype CUMZ 5095/1 from the type locality. E, F. Hemiplecta ligorica n. sp., paratype CUMZ 5087 from the type locality. A, E, C. Male and female genital organs. B, D, F. internal wall sculpture of penis, vagina and dart apparatus chamber. Abbreviations: at, atrium; da, dart apparatus; dp, dart papilla; e, epiphallus; ec, epiphallic caecum; fl, flagellum; fo, free oviduct; go, gametolytic organ; p, penis; ps, penial sculpture; pr, penial retractor muscle; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vs, vaginal sculpture.
FIGURE 3 Shell characters. A, B in Reassessment and systematic position of the sinistral snails of genus Hemiplecta from Thailand (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 3 Shell characters. A, B. Hemiplecta retrorsa, (A) syntype MCZ 169330 and (B) specimen CUMZ 5099 from Ranong Province. C, D. Hemiplecta salangana, (C) syntype ZMB/Moll 32578 and (D) specimen CUMZ 4967 from Phuket Province. E. Hemiplecta lahatensis, syntype MNHN-IM-2000–22834.
FIGURE 2 in Reassessment and systematic position of the sinistral snails of genus Hemiplecta from Thailand (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 2 Bayesian inference tree based on 1576 bp concatenated alignment dataset of COI + 16S + 28S genes. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap values from maximum likelihood (ML) and bpp from Bayesian inference analysis (BI), and are shown as BI/ML. Images of living specimens are not to scale.
FIGURE 4 Shell characters. A. Hemiplecta lahatensis, specimen CUMZ 5259 in Reassessment and systematic position of the sinistral snails of genus Hemiplecta from Thailand (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species
FIGURE 4 Shell characters. A. Hemiplecta lahatensis, specimen CUMZ 5259/2. B, C, Hemiplecta thailandica n. sp., (B) holotype CUMZ 5095/1 and (C) specimen CUMZ 5098 from Chanthaburi Province. D, E. Hemiplecta ligorica n. sp., (D) holotype CUMZ 5093/1 and (E) paratype CUMZ 5087 from the type locality.
Figure 1 in Exposure of the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum to herbicide boosts output and survival of parasite infective stages
Figure 1. Mean (±SE) number of cercariae emerging per day from individual snails, P. antipodarum, exposed to either control water, low, medium or high concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate. Data are shown separately for the trematodes C. parvum (N = 6 snails for each treatment), Apatemon sp. (N = 3), and an undescribed renicolid species from two localities (Tomahawk Lagoon, N = 12; Lake Waihola, N = 9). In each case, different letters on the bars indicate mean values that are significantly different (Tukey–Kramer tests, P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Identification of freshwater snail species and survey of their trematode infections in Ordos, China
Fig. 1. Morphological characteristics of major freshwater snails in the Ordos area. a: Bellamya aeruginosa; b, c: Radix plicatula; d: Gyraulus convexiusculus; e, f: Galba pervia.
РИС. 1. СмеШаннаЯ колониЯ Monacha claustralis и M. cartusiana во Львове. А. Местообитание, основные места сбора улиток отмечены красными крестиками. B. НеполовоЗрелаЯ особь на ветке туи. C. Раковины анатомически определенных M. claustralis. D. То же длЯ M. cartusiana. МасШтаб 5 мм. FIG. 1. Mixed colony of Monacha claustralis and M. cartusiana in Lviv. A. Habitat, the main places of snail collecting marked with red crosses. B. Immature specimen on a thuja branch. C. Shells of anatomically identified M. claustralis. D. The same for M. cartusiana. Scale bar 5 mm. in Monacha claustralis и M. cartusiana (Gastropoda, Hygromiidae) - два криптических вида антропохорных наЗемных моллюсков на Западе Украины
РИС. 1. СмеШаннаЯ колониЯ Monacha claustralis и M. cartusiana во Львове. А. Местообитание, основные места сбора улиток отмечены красными крестиками. B. НеполовоЗрелаЯ особь на ветке туи. C. Раковины анатомически определенных M. claustralis. D. То же длЯ M. cartusiana. МасШтаб 5 мм. FIG. 1. Mixed colony of Monacha claustralis and M. cartusiana in Lviv. A. Habitat, the main places of snail collecting marked with red crosses. B. Immature specimen on a thuja branch. C. Shells of anatomically identified M. claustralis. D. The same for M. cartusiana. Scale bar 5 mm.
FIG. 5. Correlation between the spatial distribution index and population density. A in Demographic and spatial structure at the stage of expansion in the populations of some alien land snails in Belgorod city (Central Russian Upland)
FIG. 5. Correlation between the spatial distribution index and population density. A. For Brephulopsis cylindrica and Xeropicta derbentina at 160 plots for three years. B. For Harmozica ravergiensis in nine sites×20 plots for two years. РИС. 5. Корреляция меЖду индексом пространственного распределения и плотностью популяции. А. Для Brephulopsis cylindrica и Xeropicta derbentina на 160 плоЩадках За три года. В. Для Harmozica ravergiensis на девяти участках по 20 плоЩадок За два года.
FIG. 4 in Demographic and spatial structure at the stage of expansion in the populations of some alien land snails in Belgorod city (Central Russian Upland)
FIG. 4. Boxplots for estimating the density of different age classes in the Xeropicta derbentina population in warm months of 2017, 2019, and 2020 for 160 test plots. Adult snails are represented by red boxes; juvenile snails are represented by blue boxes. РИС. 4. Боксплоты для оценок плотности раЗличных воЗрастных классов в популяции Xeropicta derbentina в раЗные теплые месяцы 2017, 2019 и 2020 гг. для 160 пробных плоЩадок. ВЗрослые особи покаЗаны красным цветом, ювенильные особи покаЗаны голубым цветом.
FIG. 3 in Demographic and spatial structure at the stage of expansion in the populations of some alien land snails in Belgorod city (Central Russian Upland)
FIG. 3. Boxplots for estimating the density of different age classes in the Brephulopsis cylindrica population in warm months of 2017, 2019, and 2020 for 160 test plots. Adult snails are represented by red boxes; juvenile snails are represented by blue boxes. РИС. 3. Боксплоты для оценок плотности раЗличных воЗрастных классов в популяции Brephulopsis cylindrica в раЗные теплые месяцы 2017, 2019 и 2020 гг. для 160 пробных плоЩадок. ВЗрослые особи покаЗаны красным цветом, ювенильные особи покаЗаны голубым цветом.
FIG. 2 in Demographic and spatial structure at the stage of expansion in the populations of some alien land snails in Belgorod city (Central Russian Upland)
FIG. 2. Scheme of plots in a regular grid. A. Study site. B. Brephulopsis cylindrica and Xeropicta derbentina in the field. C. Scheme of plots in a regular grid. РИС. 2. Регулярная сетка плоЩадок. A. РасполоЖение исследуемого участка. B. Brephulopsis cylindrica и Xeropicta derbentina в месте обитания. C. Схема регулярной сетки плоЩадок.
Fig. 7 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Viriiella touaouroua gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: pe = penis; pr = prostate; pv = pallial vas deferens; te = testis; vd = vas deferens; vs = vesicula seminalis.
Fig. 9 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
Fig. 9. Phylogenetic analyses. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree and section of Bayesian tree (BA). Support values are bootstrap support values/posterior probabilities; the latter are omitted for the New Caledonian taxa in the ML tree, the former in the Bayesian tree fragment. Scale bars = 0.1 substitutions/ site.
Fig. 6 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
Fig. 6. Female genitalia of Viriiella touaouroua gen. et sp. nov. A. All parts opaque. B. Oviduct transparent revealing the seminal receptacle. Abbreviations: ac = anterior capsule gland; ag = albumen gland; bc = bursa copulatrix; od = oviduct; ov = ovary; pc = posterior capsule gland; rs = receptaculum semins; vc = ventral channel.
Fig. 3 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
Fig. 3. Types of Viriiella touaouroua gen. et sp. nov. A. Holotype (MNHN-IM-2000-39460). B-D. Paratypes (MNHN-IM-2000-39461).
Fig. 1 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
Fig. 1. Map showing the type locality of Viriiella touaouroua gen. et sp. nov. A. Southwest Pacific. B. New Caledonia with areas of ultramafic base rock indicated in green. C. Type locality Touaourou (arrow and asterisk).
Fig. 5 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
Fig. 5. Radula of Viriiella touaouroua gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviations: L = lateral teeth; M1 = inner marginal teeth; M2 = outer marginal teeth; R = rhachis (central) teeth.
Table 1 in A new genus and species of spring snails (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from the ultramafic South of New Caledonia
<p><b>Table 1 (continued on next page).</b> Species used in phylogenetic analyses and their GenBank accession numbers.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><th>COI</th><th>16S rRNA</th><th>18S rRNA</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Austropyrgus niger</i> (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)</th><td>KT313290</td><td>KT313133</td><td>KT313166</td></tr><tr><th><i>Austropyrgus turbatus</i> Ponder, Colgan, Clark & Miller, 1994</th><td>KT313291</td><td>KT313134</td><td>KT313167</td></tr><tr><th><i>Beddomeia krybetes</i> Ponder & Clark, 1993</th><td>KT313292</td><td>KT313135</td><td>KT313168</td></tr><tr><th><i>Caldicochlea globosa</i> Ponder, Colgan, Terzis, Clark & Miller, 1996</th><td>KT313293</td><td>KT313136</td><td>KT313169</td></tr><tr><th><i>Catapyrgus matapango</i> Haase, 2008</th><td>KT313294</td><td>KT313137</td><td>KT313170</td></tr><tr><th><i>Crosseana melanosoma</i> (Haase & Bouchet, 1998)</th><td>KJ490902</td><td>KJ490813</td><td>KT313206</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa brevior</i> (Ancey, 1905)</th><td>KC875084</td><td>KC875004</td><td>KT313171</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa bula</i> Zielske & Haase, 2014</th><td>KF939760</td><td>KF939677</td><td>KT313190</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa dromodromo</i> Zielske & Haase, 2014</th><td>KF939781</td><td>KF939698</td><td>KT313192</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa espiritusantoana</i> Haase, Fontaine & Gargominy, 2010</th><td>KC875095</td><td>KC875018</td><td>KT313175</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa espiritusantoana</i> Haase, Fontaine & Gargominy, 2010</th><td>KC875091</td><td>KC875011</td><td>KT313174</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa gracilis pupa</i> (Iredale, 1944)</th><td>KT313295</td><td>KT313138</td><td>KT313176</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa herminae</i> Zielske & Haase, 2014</th><td>KC875113</td><td>KC875042</td><td>KT313177</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa irinimeke</i> Haase, Ponder & Bouchet, 2006</th><td>KF939798</td><td>KF939715</td><td>KT313178</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa jeanyvesi</i> Haase, Gargominy & Fontaine, 2005</th><td>KT313296</td><td>KT313139</td><td>KT313179</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa pascali</i> Haase, Fontaine & Gargominy, 2010</th><td>KC875097</td><td>KC875022</td><td>KT313181</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa raivavaeensis</i> Haase, Gargominy & Fontaine, 2005</th><td>KT313297</td><td>KT313140</td><td>KT313183</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa ramsayi royana</i> (Iredale, 1944)</th><td>KT313298</td><td>KT313141</td><td>KT313184</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa riva</i> Zielske & Haase, 2014</th><td>KC875086</td><td>KC875006</td><td>KT313185</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa rurutua</i> Haase, Gargominy & Fontaine, 2005</th><td>KT313300</td><td>KT313143</td><td>KT313187</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa seasea</i> Haase, Ponder & Bouchet, 2006</th><td>KF939756</td><td>KF939673</td><td>KT313188</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa torresiana</i> Haase, Fontaine & Gargominy, 2010</th><td>KC875101</td><td>KC875029</td><td>KT313196</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa tubuaia</i> Haase, Gargominy & Fontaine, 2005</th><td>KT313302</td><td>KT313145</td><td>KT313198</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa tunuloa</i> Zielske & Haase, 2014</th><td>KF939793</td><td>KF939710</td><td>KT313194</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fluviopupa uka</i> Zielske & Haase, 2014</th><td>KF939736</td><td>KF939653</td><td>KT313189</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fonscochlea accepta</i> Ponder, Hershler & Jenkins, 1989</th><td>KT313303</td><td>KT313146</td><td>KT313199</td></tr><tr><th><i>Fonscochlea zeidleri</i> Ponder, Hershler & Jenkins, 1989</th><td>AY622460</td><td>KT313148</td><td>KT313201</td></tr><tr><th><i>Halopyrgus pupoides</i> (Hutton, 1882)</th><td>JX970616</td><td>KT313149</td><td>KT313202</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hemistomia cockerelli.</i> Haase & Bouchet, 1998</th><td>KJ490853</td><td>KJ490768</td><td>KT313208</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hemistomia gemma gemma</i> Ponder, 1982</th><td>KT313305</td><td>KT313150</td><td>KT313203</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hemistomia rusticorum</i> Haase & Bouchet, 1998</th><td>KJ490836</td><td>KJ490755</td><td>KT313207</td></tr><tr><th><i>Kanakyella gentilsiana</i> (Crosse, 1874)</th><td>KJ490914</td><td>KJ490825</td><td>KT313209</td></tr><tr><th><i>Leiorhagium kavuneva</i> Haase & Bouchet, 1998</th><td>KJ490860</td><td>KJ490775</td><td>KT313211</td></tr><tr><th><i>Meridiopyrgus murihiku</i> Haase, 2008</th><td>AY631086</td><td>KT313152</td><td>KT313212</td></tr><tr><th><i>Novacaledonia numee</i> (Haase & Bouchet, 1998)</th><td>KJ490832</td><td>KJ490751</td><td>KT313210</td></tr><tr><th><i>Opacuincola delira</i> Haase, 2008</th><td>KT313306</td><td>KT313154</td><td>KT313214</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phrantela daveyensis tristis</i> Ponder & Clark, 1993</th><td>KT313307</td><td>KT313155</td><td>KT313215</td></tr><tr><th><i>Posticobia brazieri</i> (E.A. Smith, 1882)</th><td>KT313309</td><td>KT313157</td><td>KT313217</td></tr><tr><th><i>Potamopyrgus estuarinus</i> Winterbourn, 1971</th><td>AY631104</td><td>KT313158</td><td>KT313218</td></tr><tr><th><i>Rakiurapyrgus cresswelli</i> (Climo, 1974)</th><td>KT313310</td><td>KT313159</td><td>KT313219</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sororipyrgus raki</i> Haase, 2008</th><td>KT313311</td><td>KT313160</td><td>KT313221</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sulawesidrobia abreui</i> Zielske, Glaubrecht & Haase, 2011</th><td>HM587351</td><td>HM587394</td><td>HM587420</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sulawesidrobia anceps</i> Zielske, Glaubrecht & Haase, 2011</th><td>HM587346</td><td>HM587388</td><td>HM587417</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tatea huonensis</i> (Tenison-Woods, 1876)</th><td>KT313312</td><td>JX970550</td><td>KT313222</td></tr><tr><th><i>Trochidrobia punicea</i> Ponder, Hershler & Jenkins, 1989</th><td>KT313313</td><td>KT313161</td><td>KT313223</td></tr><tr><th><i>Victodrobia victoriensis</i> Ponder & Clark, 1993</th><td>KT313314</td><td>KT313162</td><td>KT313224</td></tr><tr><th><i>Viriiella touaouroua</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>PP545377</td><td>PP545463</td><td>PP545464</td></tr></tbody></table>
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