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214 results for “Species problem”
Figure 7 in A journey through the history of the British Chrysididae (Hymenoptera): unexpected taxonomic problems, new records and description of a new species
Figure 7. Specimens from the Stephens collection at the NHMUK; habitus, dorsal view, females. A. Chrysis affinis. B. Chrysis fulminans. C. Chrysis confinis. D. Chrysis confinis. E. Chrysis micans. F. Chrysis pulchra. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Data from: Between geometry and biology: the problem of universality of the species-area relationship
The species-area relationship (SAR) is considered to be one of a few generalities in ecology, yet a universal model of its shape and slope has remained elusive. Recently Harte et al. (2009) argued that the slope of the SAR for a given area is driven by a single parameter, the ratio between total number of individuals and number of species (i.e. the mean population size across species at a given scale). We provide a geometric interpretation of this dependence. At the same time, however, we show that this dependence cannot be universal across taxa: if it holds for a taxon composed from two subsets of species and also for one of its subsets, it cannot simultaneously hold for the other subset. Using three datasets, we show that the slope of the SAR considerably varies around the prediction. We estimate the limits of this variation using geometric considerations, providing a theory based on species spatial turnover at different scales. We argue that the SAR cannot be strictly universal, but its slope at each particular scale varies within the constraints given by species' spatial turnover at finer spatial scales, and this variation is biologically informative.
Image-based automated species identification: Can virtual data augmentation overcome problems of insufficient sampling?
<p></p><p>Automated species identification and delimitation is challenging, particularly in rare and thus often scarcely sampled species, which do not allow sufficient discrimination of infraspecific versus interspecific variation. Typical problems arising from either low or exaggerated interspecific morphological differentiation are best met by automated methods of machine learning that learn efficient and effective species identification from training samples. However, limited infraspecific sampling remains a key challenge also in machine learning.</p> <p>In this study, we assessed whether a data augmentation approach may help to overcome the problem of scarce training data in automated visual species identification. The stepwise augmentation of data comprised image rotation as well as visual and virtual augmentation. The visual data augmentation applies classic approaches of data augmentation and generation of artificial images using a Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) approach. Descriptive feature vectors are derived from bottleneck features of a VGG-16 convolutional neural network (CNN) that are then stepwise reduced in dimensionality using Global Average Pooling and PCA to prevent overfitting. Finally, data augmentation employs synthetic additional sampling in feature space by an oversampling algorithm in vector space (SMOTE). Applied on four different image datasets, which include scarab beetle genitalia (Pleophylla, Schizonycha) as well as wing patterns of bees (Osmia) and cattleheart butterflies (Parides), our augmentation approach outperformed a deep learning baseline approach by means of resulting identification accuracy with non-augmented data as well as a traditional 2D morphometric approach (Procrustes analysis of scarab beetle genitalia).</p><p></p>
FIGURE 10. Juxtacribrilina pushkini n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 10. Juxtacribrilina pushkini n. sp., Ketchikan, Alaska; A–C, holotype, YPM-IZ-100361; D, paratype, YPM-IZ- 100481. A. Dwarf zooids overlying non-ovicellate basal zooids. B. Dwarf zooid; arrowheads indicate thickened proximal margin of ooecium bearing pair of small, additional pseudopores. C. Dwarf zooid budded from basal pore chamber at colony margin. D. Ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. Scale bars: A, C, 500 µm; B, 100 µm; D, 250 µm.
FIGURE 11. Juxtacribrilina dobrovolskii n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 11. Juxtacribrilina dobrovolskii n. sp. (A–E) Holotype, ZIRAS 01/50733-A, Shikotan I., Lesser Kuril Chain. A. Colony, showing high frequency of ovicellate zooids in basal layer and scattered dwarf zooids in colony center. B. Ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids near colony margin; arrowheads, frontal pore chambers forming in developing zooid. C. Ovicellate and two non-ovicellate zooids; ovicellate zooids with labiate flanges proximal and distal to orifice. D. Central region of colony, with ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer and numerous frontal dwarf zooids; arrowhead, dwarf zooid budding from frontal pore chamber. E. Frontal dwarfs; note variation in ooecial pseudopores and in frontal shield; arrowhead, compact frontal shield with tapering costae and sutures evident between costae; arrow, reticulate frontal shield. F. Paratype, ZIRAS 01/50733-B, ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; C–F, 250 µm.
FIGURE 7. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 7. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n. sp., ZIRAS 01/50734, Bering Island, Commander Islands, intertidal. A. View of colony. B. Colony margin, showing non-ovicellate zooids and one young, basally budded marginal dwarf zooid with developing kenozooidal ooecium with distal pore chamber. C. Frontally budded dwarf zooids overlying non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer. D. Ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B–D, 250 µm.
FIGURE 8. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 8. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n. sp., YPM-IZ-106556, Ketchikan, Alaska; intertidal. A. Colony, with frontally budded dwarf zooids toward center and basally budded dwarfs at margin (arrows). B. Non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer and reduced marginal ovicellate zooid. C. Frontal dwarfs, with three (arrow) or four (arrowheads) costae. D. Marginal reduced and dwarf ovicellate zooids. E. Dwarf zooid, showing developing ooecium; note lateral pore chambers. F. Dwarf zooid, showing ooecium; note proximo-lateral pore chamber. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, D, 250 µm; C, 150 µm; E, F, 100 µm.
FIGURE 9. Juxtacribrilina pushkini n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 9. Juxtacribrilina pushkini n. sp., Ketchikan, Alaska; A, D, holotype, YPM-IZ-100361; B, C, paratype, YPM-IZ- 100481. A. Non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer; every zooid bearing one or two frontal pore chambers on proximal gymnocyst. B. Non-ovicellate and three ovicellate zooids in basal layer; large arrowheads, zooids with non-budding distal pore chamber; small arrowheads, "folds" seen in modified latero-oral spines contributing to ooecial complex; arrow, zooid with distal pore chamber contributing to next zooid. C. Reduced ovicellate zooid (center) at colony margin. D. Part of colony, showing densely packed dwarf zooids in colony center. Scale bars: A–C, 250 µm; D, 500 µm.
FIGURE 6. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 6. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n. sp., subtidal, Akkeshi Bay, Japan. A, E, F, holotype, YPM-IZ-106549; B, paratype, YPM-IZ-106551; C, YPM-IZ-106552; D, paratype, YPM-IZ-106550. A. Portion of colony showing narrow marginal zone of reduced ovicellate zooids in basal layer, including several dwarfs. B. Colony with frontal dwarf zooids crowded in center; ovicellate zooid in primary layer at upper right. C. Frontal dwarf zooids with two, three, or four costae in frontal shield. D. Distal pore chamber of ovicellate zooid in basal layer (in distal view), showing pores in transverse wall (arrowheads) and pore in chamber roof leading to ooecial cavity (arrow); asterisk, ooecium. E. Zooid in basal layer showing developing ooecium; arrow, location of distal pore chamber of maternal zooid (out of view below base of ooecium), from which distal zooid is budding. F. Enlargement from E, showing ooecial cavity, with pore (arrow) at bottom leading to basal pore chamber; asterisk, ectooecium; arrowhead, entooecium. Scale bars: A, B, 500 µm; C, 250 µm; D, E, 50 µm; F, 30 µm.
FIGURE 1 in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 1. SEM images of ovicellate zooids in Juxtacribrilina species showing measurements taken for the ooecial complex. A. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n. sp., ovicellate zooid in basal layer. B. Juxtacribrilina pushkini n. sp., two frontally budded dwarf ovicellate zooids. OCL, OCW, length and width of ooecial complex, including ooecium and modified lateral-oral spines meeting at midline to form wide border proximal to ooecium; OeL, OeW, length and width of ooecium; OrL, OrW, length and width of the secondary orifice; ZL, ZW, zooid length and width.
FIGURE 5. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 5. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n. sp., subtidal, Akkeshi Narrows, Japan; paratype, YPM-IZ-106550. A. Part of colony, showing ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer. B. Ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer; arrowheads, ovicellate zooids that have budded next zooid from distal pore chamber; arrow, ovicellate zooid with non-budding distal pore chamber. C. Oblique view of ovicellate zooids in basal layer, showing labiate flanges proximal and distal to orifice. D. Enlargement of ovicellate zooid in basal layer. E. Multiporous frontal pore chamber on tapering zone of proximal gymnocyst. F. Ancestrula and periancestrular zooids; note dwarf zooids beginning to develop from frontal pore chambers (arrowheads). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 500 μm; D, 100 μm; E, 50 μm; F, 250 µm.
FIGURE 4. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 4. Juxtacribrilina ezoensis n. sp., intertidal, Akkeshi Bay, Japan; A, paratype, NHM 2006.2.27.50; B, paratype, YPM- IZ-106553; C, D, F, paratype, YPM-IZ-106554; E, paratype, YPM-IZ-106555. A. Non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer, showing presence of three or four oral spines and one or two frontal pore chambers on proximal gymnocyst. B. Non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer, showing ubiquitous frontal pore chambers highlighted in white due to electron charging. C. Colony with numerous frontally budded and four marginal (arrowheads) dwarf zooids. D. Dwarf zooids, with three (arrowheads) or four (arrows) costae in frontal shield. E. Dwarf zooid arising from frontal pore chamber. F. Colony margin, showing non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer, and frontal and marginal dwarf zooids. Scale bars: A, D, F, 250 µm; B, 500 µm; C, 1 mm; E, 200 µm.
FIGURE 3 in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 3. Juxtacribrilina annulata (Fabricius, 1780). Chupa Inlet, Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea; A–D, F, ZIRAS 33/50736; E, from study by Ostrovsky (1998). A. View of colony; ancestrula indicated by arrow. B. Non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer. C. Non-ovicellate and marginal ovicellate zooids in basal layer. D. Enlargement of ovicellate zooid in basal layer, showing details of ooecium. E. Detached colony fragment with two frontally positioned dwarf ovicellate zooids and a reduced marginal ovicellate zooid (right); arrowhead indicates cylindrical proximal 'cauda' of dwarf zooid apparently arising from distal pore chamber of basal zooid. F. Ancestrula (center) and periancestrular zooids. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, E, F, 250 µm; D, 100 µm.
FIGURE 2 in The "Cribrilina annulata" problem and new species of Juxtacribrilina (Bryozoa Cheilostomata: Cribrilinidae) from the North Pacific
FIGURE 2. Juxtacribrilina annulata (Fabricius, 1780), ZIRAS 32/50735, western Kamchatka shelf, Sea of Okhotsk. A. View of colony, showing non-ovicellate and ovicellate zooids in basal layer; arrow, uncommon ovicellate zooid in basal layer with distal autozooid in columnar series. B. Non-ovicellate zooids. C. Two ovicellate zooids in basal layer; lower zooid with long cauda proximal to frontal shield; arrow, enlargement of position indicated by arrow in panel A; small arrowhead, subterminal lumen pseudopore. D. Ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids in basal layer, with interzooidal bud (arrowhead) that will presumably give rise to frontally positioned dwarf ovicellate zooid. E. Frontally positioned reduced ovicellate zooids; these are not fully reduced dwarf zooids. F. Reduced ovicellate zooid arising from interior of damaged zooid in basal layer. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; C–F, 250 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Species distribution modelling of Hylarana Species (Anura, Ranidae) and the problem of accurate species identification
FIGURE 1. Distribution maps for Hylarana species. (A) H. erythraea. (B) H. taipehensis. (C) H. tytleri. (D) H. macrodactyla. Each dot represents an occurrence, schematized as following: black round dot, A-quality data; purple square, B-quality data; red triangle, C-quality data. The background shows the topography and water bodies (essentially rivers) of the study area.
FIGURE 2 in Species distribution modelling of Hylarana Species (Anura, Ranidae) and the problem of accurate species identification
FIGURE 2. Species distribution modelling of Hylarana species as estimated by Maxent for present-day conditions, using A (A, D, G, J), B (B, E, H, K) and A+B (C, F, I, L) quality data. (A–C) H. erythraea. (D–E) H. taipehensis. (G–I) H. tytleri. (J–L) H. macrodactyla. Black round dot, A (A, D, G, J), B (B, E, H, K) and A+B (C, F, I, L) quality data.
FIGURE 2 in Solving nomenclatural problems of genus-group names of the cuckoo-wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae): objectively invalid and unavailable names, new type-species designations, new names, a new genus and new synonymies
FIGURE 2. Morphochrysis gen. nov., third metasomal tergum, postero-lateral view. A. M. personata, ³; B. M. pulchella, ♀; C. M. diadema, ³; D. M. atechka, ♀; E. M. asahinai, ♀; F. M. urakensis, ³; G. M. mosulensis, ♀; H. M. tedshensis, ♀;
FIGURE 1 in Solving nomenclatural problems of genus-group names of the cuckoo-wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae): objectively invalid and unavailable names, new type-species designations, new names, a new genus and new synonymies
FIGURE 1. Morphochrysis gen. nov., habitus, dorsal view. A. M. asahinai, ♀; B. M. andradei, ♀; C. M. atechka, ♀; D. M. atechka, ³; E. M. pulchella, ³; F. M. pulchella, ♀; G. M. dives, ³; H. M. dives, ♀; I. M. personata, ³; J. M. rubicunda, ♀; K. M. trisinuata, ♀; L. M. turceyana, ♀;
FIGURE 3 in Solving nomenclatural problems of genus-group names of the cuckoo-wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae): objectively invalid and unavailable names, new type-species designations, new names, a new genus and new synonymies
FIGURE 3. Morphochrysis gen. nov., fifth and sixth female metasomal terga. A–B. M. pulchella; C–D. M. calimorpha; E–F. M. goetheana.
Fig. 9 in A multisource solution for a complex problem in biodiversity research: Description of the cryptic ant species Tetramorium alpestre sp.n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig. 9. Tetramorium alpestre sp.n. (holotype worker). (A) Lateral view from left. (B) Dorsal view. (C) Head, frontal view. The scale bars equal 0.5 mm. ©NHMW Image Database and www.antbase.net (A and B), and Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz (C), published with permission.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.