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opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data for: Do ectomycorrhizal exploration types reflect mycelial foraging strategies?

· Ectomycorrhizal exploration types are commonly assumed to denote spatial foraging patterns and resource-related niches of extraradical mycelia. However, empirical evidence of the consistency of foraging strategies within exploration types is lacking. · Here, we analysed ectomycorrhizal foraging patterns by incubating root-excluding ingrowth mesh bags filled with six different substrates in mature Picea abies forests. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the mesh bags and on adjacent fine roots after one growing season. · Contrary to expectations, many ectomycorrhizal genera of exploration types thought to produce little extraradical mycelium colonised ingrowth bags extensively, whereas genera commonly associated with ample mycelial production occurred sparsely in ingrowth bags relative to their abundance on roots. · Previous assumptions about soil foraging patterns of exploration types do not seem to hold. Instead, we propose that variation in the proliferation of extraradical mycelium is related to intergeneric differences in mycelial longevity and mobility of targeted resources.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2010View details →

Figure 3. Combination of Neural and Symbolic Information Processing Strategies

The second model developed is a model for human-like machine perception based on research findings in neuroscience and neuro-psychology. The principal idea of the model is to use so-called neuro-symbols as basic processing units. This concept is inspired by the fact that the brain is made up of neurons but we think in term of symbols. In analogy to the brain, starting from sensor values, the sensory information is combined and condensed in a modular hierarchical manner to more and more complex neuro-symbolic information until this results in a complete, unitary, multimodal perception of the environment (see figure 3).

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Opposing life history strategies allow grass shrimp parasites to avoid a conflict of interest

A conflict of interest occurs when parasites manipulate the behavior of their host in contradictory ways to achieve different goals. In grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), trematode parasites that use shrimp as an intermediate host cause the shrimp to be more active than usual around predators, whereas bopyrid isopod parasites that use shrimp as a final host elicit the opposite response. Since these parasites are altering the host's behavior in opposing directions, a conflict of interest would occur in co-infected shrimp. Natural selection should favor attempts to resolve this conflict through avoidance, killing, or sabotage. In a field survey of shrimp populations in four tidal creeks in the Cape Fear River, we found a significant negative association between the two parasites. Parasite abundance was negatively correlated in differently sized hosts, suggesting avoidance as a mechanism. Subsequent mortality experiments showed no evidence of early death of co-infected hosts. In behavior trials, co-infected shrimp did not show significantly different behavior from singly infected or uninfected shrimp, suggesting that neither parasite sabotages the manipulation of the other. Taken together, our results suggest that rather than sabotaging or killing one another, bopyrid and trematode parasites tend to infect differently sized hosts, thus avoiding a conflict and confirming the importance of testing assumptions in natural contexts.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Mimicking Natural Deterrent Strategies in Plants using Adhesive Spheres

With a continuous increase in world population and food production, chemical pesticide use is growing accordingly, yet unsustainably. As chemical pesticides are harmful to the environment and pests develop resistance, sustainable and effective pesticide alternatives are needed. Inspired by nature, we mimic one defense strategy of plants, glandular trichomes, to shift away from using chemical pesticides by moving towards a physical immobilization strategy via adhesive particles. Through a controlled oxidation of a biobased starting material, triglyceride oils, an adhesive material is created while monitoring the reactive intermediates. After being milled into particles, nanoindentation shows these particles to be adhesive even at low contact forces. A suspension of particles is then sprayed onto chrysanthemum leaves and found to be highly effective at immobilizing a target pest, thrips, \textit{Frankliniella occidentalis}. Typical of small arthropod pests, thrips cause crop damage predominantly through virus transfer, which is prevented by their immobilization. We show that through this scalable fabrication process, biosourced materials can be used to create an effective, sustainable physical pesticide.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Tensile tests results on artificially aged aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy blanks subjected to different localized heat treatment strategies

Tensile tests results on artificially aged aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy blanks subjected to different localized heat treatment strategies

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data for: Bi-modal response strategy in Daphnia to ambush predation risk

Predation, a well-established major selective force, can manifest through either consumptive or non-consumptive effects. The relative impact of such effects is predicted to vary depending on the predator hunting strategy. In aquatic systems, great attention has been paid to coursing predators, such as fish, and their effects on the behaviour of zooplankton. However, less information is available regarding more ambush-style predators. To remedy this paucity, we utilised a 3D-tracking platform to record groups of Daphnia magna under control or predation risk conditions from the ambush, invertebrate predator Erythromma najas. This design allowed us to test if there are anti-predator responses in multiple metrics of swimming behaviours. Furthermore, we recorded actual predation events allowing the distinction between predator exuded info-chemicals and those produced during the predation event. We demonstrate that predation risk was greatest for those that swam at 85% of the available depth and averaged 8.1 mm/s. Examining each individuals swimming behaviour separately shows that predation risk did not exert an impact on any of the prey response metrics. Interestingly, however, we show that Daphnia conform to one of two strategies whilst under predation risk; either swim fast high up in the water column or swim slowly close to the bottom. Hence, this dichotomous behaviour is driven by strategies combining speed and depth in different constellations. As a result, our study demonstrates that Daphnia can detect the presence of a predator, but not immediately the act of predation. In a broader context, our findings highlight the importance of considering both the spatial and temporal dimensions of predation events in order correctly detect anti-predator responses. The data here is the raw positions of each individual tracked for the above study.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data from: Digital twin mathematical models suggest individualized hemorrhagic shock resuscitation strategies

Background: Optimizing resuscitation to reduce inflammation and organ dysfunction following human trauma-associated hemorrhagic shock is a major clinical hurdle. This is limited by the short duration of pre-clinical studies and the sparsity of early data in the clinical setting. Methods: We sought to bridge this gap by linking preclinical data in the porcine model with clinical data from patients from the Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) study via a three-compartment ordinary differential equation model of inflammation and coagulation. Results: The model accurately predicts physiologic, inflammatory, and laboratory measures in both the porcine model and patients, as well as the outcome and time of death in the PROMMTT cohort. Model simulation suggests that resuscitation with plasma and red blood cells outperformed resuscitation with crystalloid or plasma alone, and that earlier plasma resuscitation reduced injury severity and increased survival time. Conclusions: This workflow may serve as a translational bridge from pre-clinical to clinical studies in trauma-associated hemorrhagic shock and other complex disease settings.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Data from: "Landscape context and behavioral clustering contribute to flexible habitat selection strategies in a large mammal"

Processed datasets used for analysis in "Landscape context and behavioral clustering contribute to flexible habitat selection strategies in a large mammal" by Hooven et al. published in Mammal Research. R scripts used to process and analyze these data are available from: <a href="https://github.com/nhooven/elk-individual-habitat">https://github.com/nhooven/elk-individual-habitat</a> WS_sampled.csv, SU_sampled.csv, UA_sampled.csv, AW_sampled.csv - Processed telemetry datasets (with relocation data removed), resultant files from script "01 - Pre-processing.R". WS_HRs.csv, SU_HRs.csv, UA_HRs.csv, AW_HRs.csv - Home range areas (derived from autocorrelated kernel density estimators) and associated variables, by individual.  WS_groups.csv, UA_groups.csv, AW_groups.csv - Home range areas (derived from autocorrelated kernel density estimators) and associated variables, by groups.  Note: Raw telemetry data and home range polygons are not available due to the sensitive nature of providing animal locations publicly. Please direct any questions or concerns to the corresponding author (nathan.d.hooven@gmail.com).

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Effects of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on territory size and shape in Savannah Sparrows

The size and shape of an animal's breeding territory are dynamic features influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors and can have important implications for survival and reproduction. Quantitative studies of variation in these territory features can generate deeper insights into animal ecology and behavior. We explored the effect of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on the size and shape of breeding territories in an island population of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Our dataset consisted of 407 breeding territories belonging to 225 males sampled over 11 years. We compared territory sizes to the age of the male territorial holder, the male's reproductive strategy (monogamy vs. polygyny), the number of birds in the study population (population density), and the number of immediate territorial neighbors (local density). We found substantial variation in territory size, with territories ranging over two orders of magnitude from 57 to 5727 m2 (0.0057 to 0.57 ha). Older males had larger territories, polygynous males had larger territories, territories were smaller in years with higher population density, and larger territories were associated with more immediate territorial neighbors. We also found substantial variation in territory shape, from near-circular to irregularly-shaped territories. Males with more neighbors had irregularly shaped territories, but the shape did not vary with male age, breeding strategy, or population density. For males that lived two years or longer, we found strong consistent individual differences in territory size across years, but weaker individual differences in territory shape, suggesting that size has high repeatability whereas shape has low repeatability. Our work provides evidence that songbird territories are highly dynamic and that their size and shape reflect both intrinsic factors (age and number of breeding partners) and extrinsic factors (population density and number of territorial neighbors).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Fig. 3 in Implementing a community vector collection strategy using xenomonitoring for the endgame of lymphatic filariasis elimination

Fig. 3 Cost distribution based on tspe of cost for studies in northern and southern communities, Ghana. a The recurrent costs for studies in the northern and southern communities, Ghana. b The capital costs for studies in the northern and southern communities, Ghana. Abbreviation: IEC, information, education and communication for communits engagement

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Fig. 2 in Implementing a community vector collection strategy using xenomonitoring for the endgame of lymphatic filariasis elimination

Fig. 2 Validation of mosquitoes sampled bs CVCs and the research team in the northern and southern communities, Ghana. a Validation of mosquitoes sampled bs CVCs and the research team in the drs season. b Validation of mosquitoes sampled bs CVCs and the research team in the rains season. Abbreviations: VAL validation, HLC human landing collections, PSC psrethrum spras collections, WET window exit trap

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Snowmelt and laying date shape the parental care strategy of a high-Arctic shorebird

Parental care varies across animal taxa, from uniparental to biparental care, driven by ecological and social factors such as weather, food availability, predation, and partner availability. Understanding this diversity within species can reveal biotic and abiotic conditions allowing uniparental versus biparental strategies. This study examines the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on parental care strategies in Sanderlings (Calidris alba), one of the few species that uses both types of care. Using long-term data from Greenland (2011-2023), path analyses revealed that laying date and snowmelt influence parental care strategies, with indirect climatic effects during migration and on breeding grounds. We observed a greater proportion of uniparental nests in years with delayed laying dates, and a greater proportion of biparental nests in years with delayed snowmelt. These findings underscore the complex interplay between environmental factors and parental care strategies, offering insights into how these strategies may evolve under changing ecological conditions.

Figure 5 in Catching carp: a review of bigheaded carp capture strategies

Figure 5. Ranked bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) catches among river strata based on (a) catch rates, (b) precision (relative standard error), and (c) catch rates + precision. Errors bars are 1 standard error for the averaged ranking for each gear type. Habitat strata are abbreviated according to Wilcox 1993. BW = Backwater, IMP = Impounded, MCB = Main channel border, SC = Secondary channel, TRI = tributary TW = Tailwater.

Figure 4 in Catching carp: a review of bigheaded carp capture strategies

Figure 4. Ranked bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) catches in capture gears based on (a) catch rates, (b) precision (relative standard error), (c) catch rates + precision, and (d) catch rates + precision scores adjusted by labor (person days). Errors bars are 1 standard error for the averaged ranking for each gear type.

Figure 3 in Catching carp: a review of bigheaded carp capture strategies

Figure 3. Box-and-whisker plots of the total length (mm) of bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix) captured using active and passive sampling methods. Whiskers extend to the range of that data. Black lines in each box denote the median length value of that box.

Figure 2 in Catching carp: a review of bigheaded carp capture strategies

Figure 2. Distribution of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) data that was included in this study. Shaded portions of the map represent locations included in the analyses with bigheaded carp capture data.

Figure 1 in Catching carp: a review of bigheaded carp capture strategies

Figure 1. Conceptual representation of the gear performance matrices used to evaluate gear catch rates or gear precision in differing river strata. (Step 1) Each cell (representing gear by strata) was assigned a score (see methods). Averages (± SE) across river strata and gear types (see dashed arrows) were used to compare gear performance. (Step 2) Scores from each matrix were summed to create a third matrix representing the combined Catch rates and Precision attributes.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Figure 3 in Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy

Figure 3. (a) Aboveground biomass of S. altissima in September 2019. (b) Biomass of rhizomes of S. altissima in September 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's test).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Figure 4 in Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy

Figure 4. Effects of control practices on flowering rates of S. altissima in October 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's test).