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4,276 results for “Transcription factors”
Data from: Transcription factors involved in retinogenesis are co-opted by the circadian clock following photoreceptor differentiation
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Altering transcription factor binding reveals comprehensive transcriptional kinetics of a basic gene
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Dataset from: Functional divergence of mammalian TFAP2a and TFAP2b transcription factors for bidirectional sleep control
<p><span>Sleep is a conserved behavioral state that is found in all animals that have a nervous system. Invertebrates typically show quiet sleep, whereas in mammals, sleep is more complex, and consists of periods of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and REM sleep (REMS). We previously found that the transcription factor AP-2 is required for sleep<i> </i>in<i> C. elegans </i>and <i>Drosophila</i> and that the <i>C. elegans </i>AP-2 gene <i>aptf-1</i> is required for sleep-active neurons to induce sleep. In mammals, several paralogous AP-2 transcription factors exist. Sleep-controlling genes are often conserved. However, little is known about how sleep genes evolved from controlling simpler types of sleep to govern complex mammalian sleep. Here, we studied the roles of <i>Tfap2a</i> and <i>Tfap2b</i> in sleep control in mice. Consistent with our results from <i>C. elegans</i> and <i>Drosophila</i>, the AP-2 transcription factors <i>Tfap2a</i> and <i>Tfap2b</i> also control sleep in mice. Surprisingly, however, the two AP-2 paralogs play contrary roles in sleep control. <i>Tfap2a</i> reduction of function causes stronger delta and theta power in both baseline and homeostasis analysis, thus indicating increased sleep quality, but did not affect sleep quantity. By contrast, <i>Tfap2b</i> reduction of function decreased NREM sleep time specifically during the dark phase, reduced NREMS and REMS power, and caused a weaker response to sleep deprivation. Consistent with the observed signatures of decreased sleep quality, stress resistance and memory were impaired in <i>Tfap2b</i> mutant animals. Also, the circadian period was slightly shortened. Taken together, AP-2 transcription factors control sleep behavior also in mice, but the role of the <i>AP-2</i> genes functionally diversified to allow for a bidirectional control of sleep quality. Divergence of AP-2 transcription factors might perhaps have supported the evolution of more complex types of sleep.</span></p>
Data from: Control of proline accumulation under drought via a novel pathway comprising the histone methylase CAU1 and the transcription factor ANAC055
Proline plays a crucial role in the drought stress response in plants. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that regulate proline metabolism under drought stress. Here, we report that the histone methylase encoded by CAU1, which is genetically upstream of P5CS1 (encoding the proline biosynthetic enzyme Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase 1), plays a crucial role in proline-mediated drought tolerance. We determined that the transcript level of CAU1 decreased while that of ANAC055 (encoding a transcription factor) increased in wild-type Arabidopsis under drought stress. Further analyses showed that CAU1 bound to the promoter of ANAC055 and suppressed its expression via H4R3sme2-type histone methylation in the promoter region. Thus, under drought stress, a decreased level of CAU1 led to an increased transcript level of ANAC055, which induced the expression of P5CS1 and increased proline level independently of CAS. Drought tolerance and the level of proline were found to be decreased in the cau1 anac055 double-mutant, while proline supplementation restored drought sensitivity in the anac055 mutant. Our results reveal the details of a novel pathway leading to drought tolerance mediated by CAU1.
Data from: Diversification of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in the tomato family Solanaceae
MYB transcription factors play an important role in regulating key plant developmental processes involving defense, cell shape, pigmentation, and root formation. Within this gene family, sequences containing an R2R3 MYB domain are the most abundant type and exhibit a wide diversity of functions. In this study, we identify 559 R2R3 MYB genes using whole genome data from four species of Solanaceae and reconstruct their evolutionary relationships. We compare the Solanaceae R2R3 MYBs to the well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana sequences to estimate functional diversity and to identify gains and losses of MYB clades in the Solanaceae. We identify numerous R2R3 MYBs that do not appear closely related to Arabidopsis MYBs, and thus may represent clades of genes that have been lost along the Arabidopsis lineage or gained after the divergence of Rosid and Asterid lineages. Despite differences in the distribution of R2R3 MYBs across functional subgroups and species, the overall size of the R2R3 subfamily has changed relatively little over the roughly 50 million-year history of Solanaceae. We added our information regarding R2R3 MYBs in Solanaceae to other data and performed a meta-analysis to trace the evolution of subfamily size across land plants. The results reveal many shifts in the number of R2R3 genes, including a 54 % increase along the angiosperm stem lineage. The variation in R2R3 subfamily size across land plants is weakly positively correlated with genome size and strongly positively correlated with total number of genes. The retention of such a large number of R2R3 copies over long evolutionary time periods suggests that they have acquired new functions and been maintained by selection. Discovering the nature of this functional diversity will require integrating forward and reverse genetic approaches on an -omics scale.
Data from: Nod factors potentiate auxin signaling for transcriptional regulation and lateral root formation in Medicago truncatula
Nodulation (Nod) factors (NFs) are symbiotic molecules produced by rhizobia that are essential for establishment of the rhizobium–legume endosymbiosis. Purified NFs can stimulate lateral root formation (LRF) in Medicago truncatula, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Using a combination of reporter constructs, pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that NFs act on early steps of LRF in M. truncatula, independently of the ethylene signaling pathway and of the cytokinin receptor MtCRE1, but in interaction with auxin. We conducted a whole-genome transcriptomic study upon NF and/or auxin treatments, using a lateral root inducible system adapted for M. truncatula. This revealed a large overlap between NF and auxin signaling and, more interestingly, synergistic interactions between these molecules. Three groups showing interaction effects were defined: group 1 contained more than 1500 genes responding specifically to the combinatorial treatment of NFs and auxin; group 2 comprised auxin-regulated genes whose expression was enhanced or antagonized by NFs; and in group 3 the expression of NF regulated genes was antagonized by auxin. Groups 1 and 2 were enriched in signaling and metabolic functions, which highlights important crosstalk between NF and auxin signaling for both developmental and symbiotic processes.
Data from: Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the ClTCP transcription factors in Citrullus lanatus
Background: The plant-specific TCP transcription factor family, which is involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, performs diverse functions in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. However, no comprehensive analysis of the TCP family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has been undertaken previously. Results: A total of 27 watermelon TCP encoding genes distributed on nine chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the genes into 11 distinct subgroups. Furthermore, phylogenetic and structural analyses distinguished two homology classes within the ClTCP family, designated Class I and Class II. The Class II genes were differentiated into two subclasses, the CIN subclass and the CYC/TB1 subclass. The expression patterns of all members were determined by semi-quantitative PCR. The functions of two ClTCP genes, ClTCP14a and ClTCP15, in regulating plant height were confirmed by ectopic expression in Arabidopsis wild-type and ortholog mutants. Conclusions: This study represents the first genome-wide analysis of the watermelon TCP gene family, which provides valuable information for understanding the classification and functions of the TCP genes in watermelon.
Data from: TAF4, a subunit of transcription factor II D, directs promoter occupancy of nuclear receptor HNF4A during post-natal hepatocyte differentiation
The functions of the TAF subunits of mammalian TFIID in physiological processes remain poorly characterised. Here we describe a novel function of TAFs in directing genomic occupancy of a transcriptional activator. Using liver-specific inactivation in mice, we show that the TAF4 subunit of TFIID is required for post-natal hepatocyte maturation. TAF4 promotes pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation at post-natal expressed liver function genes and down-regulates a subset of embryonic expressed genes by increased RNA polymerase II pausing. The TAF4-TAF12 heterodimer interacts directly with HNF4A and in vivo TAF4 is necessary to maintain HNF4A-directed embryonic gene expression at post-natal stages and promotes HNF4A occupancy of functional cis-regulatory elements adjacent to the transcription start sites of post-natal expressed genes. Stable HNF4A occupancy of these regulatory elements requires TAF4-dependent PIC formation highlighting that these are mutually dependent events. Local promoter-proximal HNF4A-TFIID interactions therefore act as instructive signals for post-natal hepatocyte differentiation.
Data from: Genetic basis of amphibian larval development along a latitudinal gradient: gene diversity, selection and links with phenotypic variation in transcription factor C/EBP-1
Ectotherm development rates often show adaptive divergence along climatic gradients, but the genetic basis for this variation is rarely studied. Here, we investigated the genetic basis for phenotypic variation in larval development in the moor frog Rana arvalis from five regions along a latitudinal gradient from Germany to northern Sweden. We focused on the C/EBP-1 gene, a transcription factor associated with larval development time. Allele frequencies at C/EBP-1 varied strongly among geographic regions. Overall, the distribution of alleles along the gradient was in concordance with the dual postglacial colonization routes into Scandinavia, with a large number of alleles exclusively present along the southern colonization route. Only three of 38 alleles were shared between the routes. Analysis of contemporary selection on C/EBP-1 showed divergent selection among the regions, likely reflecting adaptation to the local environmental conditions, although this was especially strong between southern and northern regions coinciding also with lineages from different colonization routes. Overall, the C/EBP-1 gene has historically been under purifying selection, however, two specific amino acid positions showed significant signals of positive selection. These positions showed divergence between southern and northern regions, and we suggest that they are functionally involved in the climatic adaptation of larval development. Using phenotypic data from a common garden experiment, we found evidence for specific C/EBP-1 alleles being correlated with larval development time, suggesting a functional role in adaptation of larval development to large-scale climatic variation.
Data from: Genome-wide analysis of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor gene family in six legume genomes
Background: Plant bZIP proteins characteristically harbor a highly conserved bZIP domain with two structural features: a DNA-binding basic region and a leucine (Leu) zipper dimerization region. They have been shown to be diverse transcriptional regulators, playing crucial roles in plant development, physiological processes, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Despite the availability of six completely sequenced legume genomes, a comprehensive investigation of bZIP family members in legumes has yet to be presented. Results: In this study, we identified 428 bZIP genes encoding 585 distinct proteins in six legumes, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula,Phaseolus vulgaris, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus cajan, and Lotus japonicus. The legume bZIP genes were categorized into 11 groups according to their phylogenetic relationships with genes from Arabidopsis. Four kinds of intron patterns (a–d) within the basic and hinge regions were defined and additional conserved motifs were identified, both presenting high group specificity and supporting the group classification. We predicted the DNA-binding patterns and the dimerization properties, based on the characteristic features in the basic and hinge regions and the Leu zipper, respectively, which indicated that some highly conserved amino acid residues existed across each major group. The chromosome distribution and analysis for WGD-derived duplicated blocks revealed that the legume bZIP genes have expanded mainly by segmental duplication rather than tandem duplication. Expression data further revealed that the legume bZIP genes were expressed constitutively or in an organ-specific, development-dependent manner playing roles in multiple seed developmental stages and tissues. We also detected several key legume bZIP genes involved in drought- and salt-responses by comparing fold changes of expression values in drought-stressed or salt-stressed roots and leaves. Conclusions: In summary, this genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of legume bZIP genes provides valuable information for understanding the molecular functions and evolution of the legume bZIP transcription factor family, and highlights potential legume bZIP genes involved in regulating tissue development and abiotic stress responses.
Data from: Prevalence of transcription factors in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi
Background: Gene regulation underlies fungal physiology and therefore is a major factor in fungal biodiversity. Analysis of genome sequences has revealed a large number of putative transcription factors in most fungal genomes. The presence of fungal orthologs for individual regulators has been analysed and appears to be highly variable with some regulators widely conserved and others showing narrow distribution. Although genome-scale transcription factor surveys have been performed before, no global study into the prevalence of specific regulators across the fungal kingdom has been presented. Results: In this study we have analysed the number of members for 37 regulator classes in 77 ascomycete and 31 basidiomycete fungal genomes and revealed significant differences between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. In addition, we determined the presence of 64 regulators characterised in ascomycetes across these 108 genomes. This demonstrated that overall the highest presence of orthologs is in the filamentous ascomycetes. A significant number of regulators lacked orthologs in the ascomycete yeasts and the basidiomycetes. Conversely, of seven basidiomycete regulators included in the study, only one had orthologs in ascomycetes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a significant difference in the regulatory repertoire of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi, at the level of both regulator class and individual regulator. This suggests that the current regulatory systems of these fungi have been mainly developed after the two phyla diverged. Most regulators detected in both phyla are involved in central functions of fungal physiology and therefore were likely already present in the ancestor of the two phyla.
Data from: Tracking transcription factor mobility and interaction in Arabidopsis roots with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
To understand complex regulatory processes in multicellular organisms, it is critical to be able to quantitatively analyze protein movement and protein-protein interactions in time and space. During Arabidopsis development, the intercellular movement of SHORTROOT (SHR) and subsequent interaction with its downstream target SCARECROW (SCR) control root patterning and cell fate specification. However, quantitative information about the spatio-temporal dynamics of SHR movement and SHR-SCR interaction is currently unavailable. Here, we quantify parameters including SHR mobility, oligomeric state, and association with SCR using a combination of Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) techniques. We then incorporate these parameters into a mathematical model of SHR and SCR, which shows that SHR reaches a steady state in minutes, while SCR and the SHR-SCR complex reach a steady-state between 18 and 24 hours. Our model reveals the timing of SHR and SCR dynamics and allows us to understand how protein movement and protein-protein stoichiometry contribute to development.
Data for paper "Detection of new pioneer transcription factors as cell-type specific nucleosome binders"
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Domain scanning results for a selected set of high-quality-annotation protein isoforms produced by human transcription factor genes
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Evolution of binding preferences among whole-genome duplicated transcription factors
<p>Throughout evolution, new transcription factors (TFs) emerge by gene duplication, promoting growth and rewiring of transcriptional networks. How TF duplicates diverge is known for only a few studied cases. To provide a genome-scale view, we considered the 35% of budding yeast TFs, classified as whole-genome duplication (WGD)-retained paralogs. Using high-resolution profiling, we find that ~60% of paralogs evolved differential binding preferences. We show that this divergence results primarily from variations outside the DNA binding domains (DBDs), while DBD preferences remain largely conserved. Analysis of non-WGD orthologs revealed that ancestral preferences are unevenly split between duplicates, while new targets are acquired preferentially by the least conserved paralog (biased sub/neo-functionalization). Dimer-forming paralogs evolved mostly one-sided dependency, while other paralogs interacted through low-magnitude DNA-binding competition that minimized paralog interference. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolutionary design of transcriptional networks.</p>
Highly multiplexed design of an allosteric transcription factor to sense novel ligands
<p>Processed datasets for Sensor-seq analysis</p>
Data from: Gene duplication and co-evolution of G1/S transcription factors specificity in fungi are essential for optimizing cell fitness
Transcriptional regulatory networks play a central role in optimizing cell survival. How DNA binding domains and cis-regulatory DNA binding sequences have co-evolved to allow the expansion of transcriptional networks and how this contributes to cellular fitness remains unclear. Here we experimentally explore how the complex G1/S transcriptional network evolved in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by examining different chimeric transcription factor (TF) complexes. Over 300 G1/S genes are regulated by either one of the two TF complexes, SBF and MBF, which bind to specific DNA binding sequences, SCB and MCB, respectively. Our data suggests that whilst SBF is the likely ancestral regulatory complex, the ancestral DNA binding element is more MCB-like. G1/S network expansion took place by both cis- and trans- co-evolutionary changes in closely related but distinct regulatory sequences. Replacement of the endogenous SBF DNA-binding domain (DBD) with that from more distantly related fungi leads to a contraction of the G1/S network in budding yeast, which also correlates with increased defects in cell growth, cell size, and proliferation. This indicates that expansion of the G1/S network in budding yeast may represent an evolutionary product of selection for cell cycle fitness.
Piecemeal regulation of convergent neuronal lineages by bHLH transcription factors in Caenorhabditis elegans
<p>Image volumes and annotations for lin-32; NeuroPAL mutants.</p> <p>The following image volumes and their annotations are provided for:<br> "Piecemeal regulation of convergent neuronal lineages by bHLH transcription factors in Caenorhabditis elegans".</p> <p>The publication is available here:<br> https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article-abstract/148/11/dev199224/269057/Piecemeal-regulation-of-convergent-neuronal</p> <p>These image files can be viewed with the NeuroPAL ID software, available at:<br> https://www.hobertlab.org/neuropal/<br> OR<br> https://github.com/amin-nejat/CELL_ID</p> <p>This software was provided for the NeuroPAL publication, "NeuroPAL: A Multicolor Atlas for Whole-Brain Neuronal Identification in C. elegans".<br> The publication is available here:<br> https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31682-2</p> <p>Please cite the NeuroPAL publication when using the software.</p>
Molecular mechanisms of regulation by a β-alanine-responsive Lrp-type transcription factor from Acidianus hospitalis
<p>This dataset contains the raw data that lie at the basis of the results discussed in <strong>Chapter 5: Molecular mechanisms of regulation by a β-alanine-responsive Lrp-type transcription factor from Acidianus hospitalis </strong>of the PhD thesis of Amber Bernauw. This chapter is also published as an article at MicrobiologyOpen (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1356">https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1356</a>).</p>
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Transcription Factor and Cytokine Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02557958. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
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