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422 results for “Weed”
Figure 28 in A remarkable new species of Himalusa Pace from Thailand (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): phytophagous aleocharine beetle with potential for bio-control of skunkvine-related weeds in the United States
Figure 28. Himalusa thailandensis: a swollen petiole of Paederia sp. leaf that contains a larva.
Data from: Genome assembly of the ragweed leaf beetle, a step forward to better predict rapid evolution of a weed biocontrol agent to environmental novelties
<p><span>Rapid evolution of weed biological control agents (BCAs) to new biotic and abiotic conditions is poorly understood and so far, only little considered both in pre-release and post-release studies, despite potential major negative or positive implications for risks of non-targeted attacks or for colonizing yet unsuitable habitats, respectively. Provision of genetic resources, such as assembled and annotated genomes, is essential to assess potential adaptive processes by identifying underlying genetic mechanisms. Here, we provide the first sequenced genome of a phytophagous insect used as a BCA, <i>i.e.</i> the leaf beetle <i>Ophraella communa</i>, a promising BCA of common ragweed, recently and accidentally introduced into Europe. A total 33.98 Gb of raw DNA sequences, representing c. 43-fold coverage, were obtained using the PacBio SMRT-Cell sequencing approach. Among the five different assemblers tested, the SMARTdenovo assembly displaying the best scores was then corrected with Illumina short reads. A final genome of 774 Mb containing 7,003 scaffolds was obtained. The reliability of the final assembly was then assessed by benchmarking universal single-copy orthologous genes (> 96.0% of the 1,658 expected insect genes) and by remapping tests of Illumina short reads (average of 98.6% ± 0.7% without filtering). The number of protein-coding genes of 75,642, representing 82% of the published antennal transcriptome, and the phylogenetic analyses based on 825 orthologous genes placing <i>O. communa </i>in the monophyletic group of Chrysomelidae, confirm the relevance of our genome assembly. Overall, the genome provides a valuable resource for studying potential risks and benefits of this BCA facing environmental novelties.</span></p>
Weed seedling images of species common to Manitoba, Canada
<p>This dataset contains 34666 RGB-images taken from different angles and distances of weeds common in Manitoba. The imaged species common name, scientific name, and number of their images are:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><span>Echinochloa crus-galli</span></td> <td>Large Barnyard Grass</td> <td>8621</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Cirsium arvense</span><span> </span> </td> <td>Canada Thistle</td> <td>4706</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Brassica napus</span><span> </span> </td> <td>Volunteer Canola</td> <td>6723</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Taraxacum officinale</span><span> </span> </td> <td>Dandelion</td> <td>4797</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Persicaria spp.</span></td> <td>Smartweed</td> <td>870</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Fallopia convolvulus</span><span> </span> </td> <td>Wild Buckwheat</td> <td>4165</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Avena fatua</span><span> </span> </td> <td>Wild Oat</td> <td>1218</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <span>Setaria pumila</span><span> </span> </td> <td>Yellow Foxtail</td> <td>3566</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Furthermore, this dataset contains a trained ResNet50 convolutional neural network model. It is trained to distinguish between monocots and dicots. A small collection of test datasets is included that can be used to measure the generalization capabilities of trained models.</p> <p>The single-plant dataset and all test-datasets are accompanied by a csv-file containing filenames with respective labels.</p>
Populations of arable weed species show intra-specific variability in germination base temperature but not in early growth rate
<p>Key plant traits affecting growth performance can differ among and within species, influencing competitive plant community dynamics. We determined the intra-specific variability of germination base temperature among 13 arable weed species and the seedlings' early post-emergence relative growth rate among 21 species in climate chamber and green house experiments. Intra-specific variability was quantified with two seed populations (originating from contrasting climate in Germany & France) for the germination base temperature of 6 species and for the early growth rate of 16 species. Inter-specific variability for both traits was always higher than intra-specific variability. Within a given species, we found that germination base temperatures were higher in seeds stemming from colder climate populations. Seedling relative growth rates did not differ between seed populations. Models simulating weed growth should reflect these differences in germination traits among populations, especially when they are used for weed community assembly studies in a local to regional extent.</p>
Weed dataset - Crop diversity Experiment - Crop-weed relationships are context-dependent and cannot fully explain the positive effects of intercropping on yield
<p>This shows the weed mass per species and crop yield per species of each plot described in the experiment. </p>
Developing hierarchical density-structured models to study the national-scale dynamics of an arable weed
<p class="BodyText1">Population dynamics can be highly variable in the face of environmental heterogeneity, and understanding this variation is central in the study of ecology. Robust management decisions require that we understand how populations respond to management at a range of scales, and under a broad suite of conditions. Population models are potentially valuable tools in addressing this challenge. However, without adequate data, models can fail to produce useful results. Populations of arable weeds are particularly problematic in this respect, as they are widespread and their dynamics are extremely variable. Owing to the inherent cost of collecting data, most studies of weed population dynamics are derived from localized experiments under a small range of environmental conditions, limiting the extent to which variance in population dynamics can be measured. Density-structured models provide a route to rapid, large-scale analysis of population dynamics, and can expand the scale of ecological models that are directly tied to data. Here we extend previous density-structured models to include environmental heterogeneity, variation in management, and to account for inter-population variation. We develop, parameterize and test hierarchical density-structured models for a common agricultural weed, black-grass (<i>Alopecurus myosuroides</i>). We model the dynamics of this species in response to crop management, using survey data gathered over 4 years from 364 fields across a network of 45 UK farms. We show that hierarchical density-structured models provide a substantial improvement over their non-hierarchical counterparts. Using these models, we demonstrate that several alternative crop-rotations are effective in reducing weed densities. Rotations with high wheat prevalence exhibit the most severe infestations, and diverse rotations generally have lower weed densities. However, a key outcome is that in many cases the effect of crop rotation is small compared to the high variability arising from spatio-temporal heterogeneity. This result highlights the need to monitor and model population dynamics across large spatial and temporal scales in order to account for variation in the drivers of plant dynamics. Our framework for data collection and modelling provides a means to achieve this.</p>
A lack of genetically compatible mates constrains the spread of an invasive weed
<ul> <li>Introduced populations often experience lag-times prior to invasion, but the mechanisms constraining rapid expansions of introduced populations are unclear. <i>Solidago altissima</i> is a North American native plant with highly invasive Japanese populations, and introduced Australian populations that are not invasive despite the climatic and ecological suitability of the region.</li> <li>By contrasting Australian with Japanese populations, we tested the hypothesis that Australian population growth is limited by a lack of long-distance dispersal via seeds due to limited number of compatible mates. </li> <li>In the field, Australian populations rarely produced viable seeds. A cross-pollination experiment found that Australian plants are fertile, yet lack compatible mates within Australia. Genetic analysis revealed that Australian individuals descend from a small set of self-incompatible genetic clones, which explains the negligible seed set within Australia.</li> <li>Our results show that low genetic diversity, leading to mate incompatibility, inhibits invasiveness of Australian <i>S. altissima</i>, and provides compelling evidence for genetic, rather than ecological, factors constraining invasion in Australia.</li> </ul>
The effects of microplastics on crop variation depend on polymer types and their interactions with soil nutrient availability and weed competition
<p>Microplastics pollution of agricultural soil is a global environmental concern because of its potential risk to food security and human health. Although many studies have tested the direct effects of microplastics on growth of <em>Eruca sativa</em> Mill., little is known about whether these effects are regulated by fertilization and weed competition in field management practices.</p> <p>Here, we performed a greenhouse experiment growing <em>E. sativa</em> as target species in a three-factorial design with two levels of fertilization (low versus. high), two levels of weed competition treatments (weed competition versus no weed competition) and five levels of microplastic treatments (no microplastics, Polybutylene adipateco-terephthalate [PBAT], Polybutylene succinate [PBS], Polycaprolactone [PCL] or Polypropylene [PP]).</p> <p>Compared to the soil without microplastics, PBS and PCL reduced aboveground biomass and leaf number of the <em>E. sativa</em>. PBS also resulted in increased root allocation and thicker roots in <em>E. sativa</em>. In addition, fertilization significantly mitigated the negative effects of PBS and PCL on aboveground biomass of <em>E. sativa</em>, but weed competition significantly promoted these effects. Although fertilization alleviated the negative effect of PBS on aboveground biomass, such alleviation became weaker under weed competition than when <em>E. sativa</em> grew alone.</p> <p>The results indicate that the effects of specific polymer types on <em>E. sativa</em> growth could be regulated by fertilization, weed management, and even their interactions. Therefore, reasonable on-farm management practices may help in mitigating the negative effects of microplastics pollution on <em>E. sativa</em> growth in agricultural fields.</p>
From weeds to natural enemies: Implications of weed cultivation and bio-pesticides for organic onion production
<p>Weed management is challenging for vegetable crops highly sensitive to weed competition, such as onions. Thrips (<em>Thysanoptera</em>: <em>Thripidae</em>) are major insect pests of onion, causing damage through feeding, and vector bacterial pathogens causing rot. Both thrips and their associated pathogens are known to survive on many weed species in onion growing regions. Combining weeding with bio-pesticides may synergistically manage thrips and disease by reducing disease prevalence and indirectly increasing onion yield. However, disturbances from weeding may negatively impact natural enemies. We estimate the effects of organic weed management and bio-pesticides on weed density, thrips and natural enemy activity, disease severity, and yield. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with four replications of each weeding (control, tine-weeded 2x, tine-weeded 4x, and hand-weeded) and bio-pesticide (control, OxiDate 2.0, Serenade) combination. Arthropods were monitored using yellow sticky cards, and weed counts, marketable yield, and bulb rot prevalence were estimated. Hand-weeding resulted in the lowest weed density and thrips abundance. Additionally, hand-weeding produced 9x higher yield compared to all other treatments. Significant interactions were observed between tine-weeding and bio-pesticide treatments. Natural enemy abundance was slightly negatively impacted by weeding, dependent on year. DNA metabarcoding results show high parasitoid diversity in onion systems and strong reads for multiple genera containing important known biological control agents. Our study suggests hand-weeding is necessary in the southeast for maximum onion yield. Future research should focus on exploring the impact of management on natural enemy communities in onion systems at a large scale.</p>
Efficacy of cover crops for pollinator habitat provision and weed suppression
Pollinator declines have been documented globally, but little information is available about native bee ecology in Midwestern US agriculture. This project seeks to optimize pollinator support and weed suppression in a 3-year crop rotation with a fallow growing season. During fallow, one of five cover crop treatments (T1: crimson, red, and ladino clover and Bob oats [Trifolium incarnatum, T. pratense, T. repens, Avena sativa]; T2: crimson clover and oats; T3: red clover and oats; T4: ladino clover and oats; T5: no cover crop; T6/control: winter wheat [Triticum aestivum]) was seeded in one-half of 25 agricultural fields, while wheat was left unharvested in the other half as a comparison. Treatments that provide season-long floral resources support the greatest bee diversity and abundance (T1), and treatments with red clover support declining Bombus species (T1 and T3). Late-season floral resources may be important, yet limited (T1 and T4), and some species of agricultural weeds provide floral resources. Floral diversity may be less important than flower abundance or timing for pollinator diversity (T1 – T4). Weed diversity was greatest in the no cover crop treatment (T5), least in winter wheat (T6), and intermediate in cover crop treatments (T1 – T4) with no differences in weeds of economic concern. Wheat suppresses weeds but does not provide floral resources for pollinators. These results may also be applicable to marginal lands taken out of cultivation or field margin pollinator plantings in a typical corn-soybean rotation. Floral resource availability across the landscape is critical to maintain pollinator diversity.
Data from: Multivariate selection mediated by aridity predicts divergence of drought resistant traits along natural aridity gradients of an invasive weed
<p><span>Geographic variation in the environment underpins selection for local adaptation and evolutionary divergence among populations. Because many environmental conditions vary across species' ranges, identifying the specific environmental variables underlying local adaptation is profoundly challenging. </span></p> <p><span>We tested whether natural selection mediated by aridity predicts clinal divergence among invasive populations of capeweed (<i><span>Arctotheca calendula</span></i>) that established and spread across southern Australia during the last two centuries. </span></p> <p><span>Using common garden experiments with two environmental treatments (wet and dry) that mimic aridity conditions across capeweed's invasive range, we estimated clinal divergence and effects of aridity on fitness and multivariate phenotypic selection in populations sampled along aridity gradients in Australia. We show that: (<i>i</i>) capeweed populations have relatively high fitness in aridity environments similar to their sampling locations; (<i>ii</i>) the magnitude and direction of selection strongly differs between wet and dry treatments, with drought stress increasing the strength of selection; and (<i>iii</i>) differences in directional selection between wet and dry treatments predict patterns of clinal divergence across the aridity gradient, particularly for traits affecting biomass, flowering phenology and putative antioxidant expression. </span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest that aridity-mediated selection contributes to trait diversification among invasive capeweed populations, possibly facilitating the expansion of capeweed across southern Australia. </span></p>
Do ecological specialization and functional traits explain the abundance–frequency relationship? Arable weeds as a case study
<p>Aim: The abundance-frequency relationship (AFR) is among the most-investigated pattern in biogeography, yet the relative contributions of niche-based processes related to ecological strategies, and of neutral processes related to spatial colonization-extinction dynamics, remains uncertain. Here, we tested the influences of ecological specialization and functional traits on local abundance and regional frequency, to determine the contribution of niche-based processes.</p> <p>Location: France and the UK.</p> <p>Taxon: Vascular plants.</p> <p>Methods: We used two arable weed surveys covering 1544 fields in Western Europe (France, UK), along with functional traits related to resource acquisition, flowering phenology and dispersal. We quantified specialization both to arable habitat and to individual crop types, and performed phylogenetic path analyses to test competing models accounting for direct and indirect relationships between traits, specialization, abundance and frequency. We performed the analyses for all species in each country, as well as for a subset of the most abundant species.</p> <p>Results: Local abundance of weeds increased with their regional frequency, but the relationship became negative or null when considering only the most abundant weeds. Specialization to arable habitat and to individual crop type either had a similar or opposite effect on regional frequency and local abundance explaining these positive and negative relationships, respectively. Regional frequency was not directly explained by any trait but indirectly by resource requirement traits conferring specialization to the arable habitat. Conversely, high local abundance was directly related to low seed mass, high SLA, early and short flowering.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: Direct/indirect effects of functional traits on local abundance/regional frequency, respectively, supports a significant role of niche-based processes in AFR. Neutral spillover dynamics could further explain a direct linkage of abundance and frequency. Similar causal paths and consistent influences of traits on specialization and abundance in the two studied regions suggest genericity of these findings.</p>
Effects of canopy cover on fruiting intensity and fruit removal of a tropical invasive weed
<p>Lantana camara (hereafter, Lantana) is among the worst invasive alien plants spread extensively across Africa, Australia and Asia at an alarming rate, posing significant challenges to conservation of native biodiversity. While, Lantana invasion is widely recognised to be more pronounced in open-canopy habitats (including deciduous forests, forest edges and gaps), the potential role of variation in seed dispersal across habitats varying in overstory canopy cover is poorly understood. Avian frugivores are among primary seed dispersers of the fleshy-fruited Lantana. We monitored 45 Lantana shrubs across a gradient of overstory canopy cover to determine the relationship between fruiting intensity and canopy cover. We watched 80 Lantana shrubs (240 h) across a canopy cover gradient to determine 1) differences in frugivore assemblage visiting Lantana across open- and closed-canopy habitats, 2) drivers of frugivore visitation on Lantana, and 3) relationship between seed disperser visitation rate and overstory canopy cover. We found that Lantana shrubs under low overstory canopy cover had higher fruit abundance than those in high canopy cover. Frugivore assemblage differed between Lantana shrubs in open- versus closed-canopy cover habitats. Drivers of frugivore visitation on Lantana varied across different frugivore species with a greater probability of occurrence of bulbuls (the primary seed dispersers of Lantana) on shrubs under low overstory canopy cover. Visitation rates of the effective seed dispersers were higher on shrubs under low overstory canopy cover. Thus, there was greater chances of dispersal of seeds in habitats with low overstory canopy cover. The study demonstrates variable fruiting intensity and fruit removal rate as a driver of differences in dispersal of seeds across habitats. It highlights greater vulnerability of open habitats to invasion and the need to prioritise Lantana management efforts in open habitats. Anthropogenic activities that lead to canopy openings (e.g. tree lopping and logging) likely facilitate Lantana invasion through greater fruit production and seed dispersal.</p>
Weed communities are more diverse, but not more abundant, in dense and complex bocage landscapes
<p>1. Bocage landscapes are characterized by a network of hedgerows that delimits arable fields. Such landscapes provide many ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, but their effects on weed communities remain largely unknown. Bocage landscapes could affect weed communities through two main processes: plant spillover from hedgerows and increased environmental heterogeneity in arable fields. These bocage effects are also likely to vary between farming systems (conventional vs organic), due to differences in management practices.</p> <p>2. We sampled weed communities more than 20 m from field margins in 74 arable fields (37 per farming system). Fields were located along two independent landscape gradients of total length of hedgerows (with or without a shrub layer) and organic farming cover, in Brittany (France). We analysed the effect of 'bocage' (i.e., the density and complexity of hedgerow networks) and farming systems at field and landscape scales on species and functional diversity of weed communities. Further, we used fidelity to non-crop habitats and Ellenberg indicator values to assess the 'plant spillover' and 'environmental heterogeneity' hypotheses, respectively.</p> <p>3. Weed communities were more diverse and more abundant in organic farming systems. In addition, weed communities were more diverse, but not more abundant, in denser and more complex bocage landscapes. 'Bocage' increased species diversity of weeds, but also community-weighted variance of specific leaf area, plant height and seed mass. Positive effects of 'bocage' on weed diversity were driven by increased environmental heterogeneity rather than spillover of transient species from hedgerows. 'Bocage' effects were independent of farming systems at field and landscape scales.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Maintaining diverse weed communities is key to agroecological weed management and biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. Farmers are often concerned that hedgerows harbour competitive plants spreading into field edges, thereby increasing weed pressure. However, our study shows that dense and complex bocage landscapes promote weed diversity in field cores, most likely by increasing environmental heterogeneity. Thus, bocage landscapes could actually enhance ecosystem services provided by weed communities and reduce weed-crop competition.</p>
Matrices_Weed flora among ultramafic and adjacent non ultramafic soils in the massif Beni Bousera
<p>These matrices represent the basic datasets of a draft paper entitled "Weed flora among ultramafic and adjacent non-ultramafic soils in Beni Bousera (North Morocco)". </p>
Establishing barriers and needs for increased uptake of alternative weed control across Europe: Survey results from the UK, Latvia, France, Italy, Greece, Sweden and Spain.
<p><span>Reduced use of chemical herbicides and increased uptake of alternative weed control methods will only occur if there is improved understanding of the current barriers and needs of key stakeholders. An online survey about stakeholders’ perspectives and use of alternative weed control methods was carried out with Farmers, Agronomists, Researchers, Policy makers/advisors in 2023. Key barriers and needs were identified to encourage farmers to adopt sustainable weed control approaches which should guide future work addressing the implementation of Integrated Weed Management. Data consists of returned responses of participants across seven countries involved in the OPER8 project. </span></p> <p><span>The OPER8 Project has received funding from The European Union Horizon 2021 Food, Bioeconomy Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment Programme under grant agreement 101060591</span></p>
Data from: The interplay of intercropping, wildflower strips and weeds in conservation biological control and productivity
<p>Diversifying agroecosystems is instrumental to reduce pesticide use in agriculture. While different diversification practices have the potential to reduce pests, their integration at the agroecosystem level and the evaluation of their multifunctional effects remain limited. Through a two-year field experiment conducted in Germany, we tested whether associating intercropping (faba bean-wheat, followed by breadseed poppy-barley) with pluriannual wildflower strips strengthens the biological regulation of aphid pests and weeds, and enhances cropping system productivity. The contribution of flowering weeds to conservation biological control was also analysed. Aphid colonization rates, but also predator colonization and predation rates, on bean and poppy were consistently lower in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Associating wildflower strips to intercropping enhanced aphid predation in bean-wheat intercropping, and further reduced aphid colonization at 10 m distance from the flower strip but not at 20 m in poppy-barley intercropping. Weed biomass was strongly reduced in intercropping compared to sole crop bean and poppy, and did not significantly affect bean and poppy yields in intercropping. The cover of one flowering weed species, <em>Matricaria recutita</em>, was negatively correlated to aphid colonization rate and positively correlated to predation rate in bean-wheat intercropping. In poppy-barley intercropping, <em>M. recutita</em> flowers were visited more often by predatory hoverflies in plots adjacent to wildflower strips. Finally, land equivalent ratio, measuring land-use efficiency, was consistently higher than 1, and the highest in bean-wheat intercropping associated to wildflower strips. The study shows that intercropping is key to control multiple pests and enhance land-use efficiency, and demonstrates that associating wildflower strips to intercropping can strengthen biological control and cropping system productivity. Flowering weeds, maintained at an acceptable level through intercropping, turn out to be relevant functional biodiversity in interacting with wildflower strips to support natural enemies for conservation biological control.</p>
Figure 2 in Omics in Weed Science: A Perspective from Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Metabolomics Approaches
Figure 2. Workflow of transcript analyses by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR.
Fig. 2 in Host plant preference of Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae) among weeds and sugar cane varieties found in Florida sugar cane fields
Fig. 2. Diagram of the larval host plant tests.
Fig. 1 in Host plant preference of Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae) among weeds and sugar cane varieties found in Florida sugar cane fields
Fig. 1. Diagram of the adult host plant tests.
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