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Projected effects of climate change on boreal bird community accentuated by anthropogenic disturbances in western boreal forest, Canada
<p><b>Aim</b></p> <p>Climate change<b> </b>is expected to influence boreal bird communities significantly, notably through changes in forest habitat (composition and age structure),<b> </b>in the coming decades. How these changes will accumulate and interact with anthropogenic disturbances remains an open question for most species.</p> <p><b>Location</b></p> <p>Northeastern Alberta, Canada.</p> <p><b>Methods </b></p> <p>We used the LANDIS-II forest landscape model to project changes in forest landscapes, and associated bird populations (72 passerine species), according to three climatic scenarios (baseline, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5) and three forest harvesting scenarios of differing intensity.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>Both forest harvesting and climate-related drivers were projected to have large impacts on bird communities in this region. As a result of climate-induced increases in fire activity as well as decreased conifer productivity, our simulations projected that an important proportion of Alberta's boreal forests would transition to treeless habitat (i.e. grass-, or shrub-dominated vegetation) while many conifer-dominated stands would likely be replaced by broadleaf tree cover. Consequently, the abundance of bird species associated with open and deciduous habitats were projected to increase. With a strong anthropogenic climate forcing scenario (RCP 8.5), sharp declines in abundance of coniferous trees were also projected, particularly in mature and old forest stands, triggering major declines for bird species associated with coniferous and mixedwood forest types.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions</b></p> <p><a>As the most comprehensive simulation of climate change and harvesting impacts on avian habitats in the North American boreal region to date</a>, our study <a>reveals</a> the importance of considering key habitat characteristics like forest age structure and composition through forest landscape modeling, and identifies 18 bird species particularly sensitive to climate change. Our simulations suggest that a change in forest management practices could play an important role in the conservation of boreal bird species vulnerable to climate change. The intensive forest harvesting simulated accelerated declines in bird abundance compared to a "no harvesting" scenario.</p> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> </div> </div> </div>
FIGURE 4 in First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada
FIGURE 4. Vespa simillima specimen collected at Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, Canada. A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Anterior view of head. D. Fore wings. Scale bars: 1 mm. Pt = pterostigma. Dashed line in D is the prestigma.
FIGURE 1 in First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada
FIGURE 1. West European colour form of Vespa crabro (USA: NC). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Anterior view of head. D. Lateral view of pronotum. pnc = pronotal carina, pnl = pronotal lobe, ptc = pretegular carina. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 3. Vespa mandarinia. A–C in First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada
FIGURE 3. Vespa mandarinia. A–C. Specimen collected at Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. D. Specimen collected in Kyushu, Japan. A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Anterior view of head. D. Lateral view of head. el = eye length, gl = gena length, T6 = tergum 6. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada
FIGURE 6. Collecting localities of Vespa in British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, U.S.A with inset showing location of region in North America. Numbers above black stars are collecting localities noted in Discussion for Vespa mandarinia.
FIGURE 5 in First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada
FIGURE 5. Vespa soror specimen collected at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Anterior view of head. Vertical arrow in C shows the distance between posterior ocellus and posterior edge of vertex; horizontal arrow shows distance between posterior ocellus and eye. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in First record of Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in western North America with a review of recorded species of Vespa Linnaeus in Canada
FIGURE 2. Japanese colour form of Vespa crabro specimen collected on Mayne Island, British Columbia, Canada. A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Anterior view of head. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 8 in Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada
Figure 8 Daspletosaurus torosus, reconstruction of the skeleton. The length of the femur is 1000 mm,
Figure 3 in Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada
Figure 3 Albertosaurus libratus, restoration of a hypothetical hatchling. The length of the femur is
FIGURES 31–36 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 31–36. Neidium vandusenense sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 31. Whole valve. Fig. 32. Central valve with multiple longitudinal canals and transapical central area. Proximal raphe branches evenly hooked. Fig. 33. Apex valve face and mantle showing concave mantle wall, longitudinal canals reducing to one at the apex. Fig. 34. Valve face showing developed ridge along one side of the raphe (arrow) and scattered surface depressions along the axial area. Areolae recessed with a finger-like cribra. Fig. 35. Apex with 3 evident copulae. Copulae open bands with 2 rows of pores. Lacina extends to band base (arrow). Fig. 36. Central region showing a weak elevation of the longitudinal canal. Scale bars = 20 μm: Fig. 31; 10 μm: Figs 32, 33; 2 μm: Figs 34–36.
FIGURES 79–82 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 79–82. Neidium lavoieanum sp. nov. SEM, internal view. Fig. 79. Half valve showing valve outline. Fig. 80. Broken longitudinal canal with areoale and internal valve face areolae. Arrow indicates renilimbia. Fig. 81. Internal central nodule with a covering over the verminae along the margin. Helictoglossae separated and aligned. Fig. 82. Apex, showing longitudinal canal extending to the apex and an erect helictoglossa next to hyaline thickened apex. Scale bars = 10 μm: Fig. 79; 5 μm: Fig. 81; 3 μm: Figs 80, 82.
FIGURES 1–5 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 1–5. Neidium iridis (Fig. 1) and Neidium beatyi sp. nov. (Figs 2 (holotype), 3–5). Scale bar = 50 μm.
FIGURES 75–78 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 75–78. Neidium lavoieanum sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 75. Half valve. Fig. 76. Surface areolae with no occlusions and axial area mid-way along the valve. Fig. 77. Elevated central area with elongated areolae along the margin and recurved proximal raphe endings. Fig. 78. Apex showing lacinia and longitudinal canals extending to the apex. Scale bars = 10 μm: Fig. 75; 3 μm: Figs 76–78.
FIGURES 56–61 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 56–61. Neidium collare sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 56. Whole valve. Fig. 57. Central valve with longitudinal canal and transapical central area. Proximal raphe branches deflected. Fig. 58. Valve face mantle junction with epivalve, hypovalve and copula band. Fig. 59. Valve face with developed areolae. Areolae without finger-like cribra. Fig. 60. Apex with open bands of copulae. Copulae with 2 rows of pores. Lacinia weakly developed. Fig 61. Apex showing no apparent lacinia. Longitudinal canals extend to the tip of the apex. Scale bars = 30 μm: Fig. 56; 5 μm: Figs 57, 58, 60; 3 μm: Fig. 61; 2 μm: Fig. 59.
FIGURES 37–44 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 37–44. Neidium vandusenense sp. nov.SEM, internal view.Fig. 37. Central area with offset forming interconnected helictoglossae. Surface depressions (ghost striae) present in the central area. Figs 38, 39. Apex showing upright formation of the helictoglossae at the edge of the terminal nodule. Longitudinal canals blend in with areolae. Figs 40, 41. Margin of the valve showing multiple longitudinal canals. Open chambered formation (Fig. 41 (arrow), apical and transapical). Fig. 42. Renilimbia surround hymenae covered areolae (arrow). Figs 43, 44. Open copula band with 2 rows of poroids. Scale bars = 5 μm: Figs. 37, 38, 43; 2 μm: Figs 40, 41; 1 μm: Figs 42, 44.
FIGURES 6–12 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 6–12. Neidium beatyi sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 6. Whole valve. Fig. 7. Central area raphe with silica ridges along each side. Figs 8, 10. Valve margin and mantle with multiple longitudinal canals. Copulae 2 rows of poroids. Fig 9, 12. Recessed areolae chambered and interconnected with finger-like cribra. Fig. 11. Apex showing arrow-like bifurcate lacinia. Copulae (3 evident) open bands with no evident poroids. Scale bars = 20 μm: Fig. 6; 10 μm: Fig. 11; 5 μm: Figs 7–10; 2 μm: Fig 12.
FIGURES 62–68 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 62–68. Neidium collare sp. nov. SEM, internal view. Fig. 62. Whole valve. Figs 63, 67. Recessed areolae and longitudinal canals at mid-valve and close to apex. Figs 65, 66. Central area with offset forming interconnected helictoglossae. Very weak surface depressions (ghost striae) present in the central area. Remnants of renilimbia present (arrows). Fig. 64. Apex showing an erect helictoglossa at terminal nodule and single longitudinal canal extending to the apex. Fig. 68. broken valve showing the canal. Scale bars: 20 μm: Fig. 62; 5 μm: Figs 64, 65; 3 μm: Figs 63, 66, 67; 1 μm: Figs 68.
FIGURES 83 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 83. RaxML phylogenic tree construction showing boostrap (BS) confidence levels using the gene rbcL for selected taxa within the genus Neidium.
FIGURES 13–18 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences
FIGURES 13–18. Neidium beatyi sp. nov. SEM internal view. Fig. 13. Central area with linear forming interconnected helictoglossae. Fig. 14. Apex with a curved forming helictoglossa at the edge of the terminal nodule. A single prominent longitudinal canal extends to the nodule. Figs 15, 17. Multiple longitudinal canals; at center canal similar (Fig. 15), towards apex one becomes more prominent (Fig. 17, arrow). Fig. 16. Renilimbia surround hymenae covered areolae (arrow). Fig. 18. Open chambered formation (apically and transapically) of the longitudinal canal. Scale bars = 10 μm: Fig. 14; 5 μm: Figs 13, 17; 2 μm: Fig. 15: 500 nm: Figs 16, 18.
Data from: Population genetic structure of the western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in British Columbia, Canada
1. Population connectivity and movement are key ecological parameters influencing the impact of pests, and are important considerations in control strategies. For many insects, these parameters are difficult to assess directly, although they may be assessed indirectly using population genetic data. 2. We used microsatellite markers to examine population genetic structure of the western cherry fruit fly, the main pest of cherry crops in western North America, in British Columbia, Canada, and make inferences about connectivity and potential for movement among populations. 3. Comparing populations from four geographical regions (separated by up to approximately 400 km), we found significant genetic differentiation both among and within regions. Using populations as the units of analysis, we observed significant isolation by distance (IBD) at larger spatial scales but not below approximately 20 km. By contrast, using individual flies as the units of analysis, we found significant IBD at scales as small as < 100 m. We saw no evidence of genetic differentiation among populations sampled from different species/varieties of plants. 4. Our results suggest that the movement of individual flies is limited, although high levels of gene flow are maintained at scales of up to 20 km, possibly through combined effects of stepping-stone gene flow and large population sizes.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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OpenNeuro
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