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Fig. 3 in The Singscore: a macroinvertebrate biotic index for assessing the health of Singapore's streams and canals
Fig. 3. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination based on a Bray-Curtis matrix of dissimilarities calculated from presence-absence data illustrating compositional differences in macroinvertebrate communities among the sites. The NMDS gave a good representation of actual community dissimilarities (2-dimensional stress = 0.16) and ANOSIM separated the sites into four relatively distinct groups (ANOSIM, Global R = 0.769, P = 0.001), interpreted as likely water-quality categories (poor: closed circle; fair: open square; good: closed triangle; excellent: open circle). Axes are scaled identically so that sites closest together are more similar in macroinvertebrate community composition than those further apart.
Text-fig. 18. Landscape reconstruction of the Late Miocene localities of the North Caucasus studied. a – general view of the reconstructed riparian biotope; b – periaquatic fauna. Drawings by S. Kruskop. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 18. Landscape reconstruction of the Late Miocene localities of the North Caucasus studied. a – general view of the reconstructed riparian biotope; b – periaquatic fauna. Drawings by S. Kruskop.
Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm.
Text-fig. 14. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum. Volchaya Balka. Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – P4, b – M1, c – M2, GIN-1143-131, occlusal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 14. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum. Volchaya Balka. Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – P4, b – M1, c – M2, GIN-1143-131, occlusal view.
Text-fig. 19. Position of the studied faunas correlated to chronostratigraphic and biochronological charts. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 19. Position of the studied faunas correlated to chronostratigraphic and biochronological charts.
Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka.
Text-fig. 13. Hypsodonty in different Collimys species. a, b, d, f – M1, labial view; c, e, g – m1, lingual view; a – C. transversus, Steinheim, late Middle Miocene ("MN 7"); b, c – C. longidens, Nebelbergweg, Middle-Late Miocene transition, MN 8/9; d, e – C. primus, Eichkogel, Late Miocene, MN 11; f, g – C. caucasicus sp. nov., Gaverdovsky (f) and Volchaya Balka (g, holotype), Late Miocene, MN 11. a–e – modified after Kälin and Engesser (2001). in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 13. Hypsodonty in different Collimys species. a, b, d, f – M1, labial view; c, e, g – m1, lingual view; a – C. transversus, Steinheim, late Middle Miocene ("MN 7"); b, c – C. longidens, Nebelbergweg, Middle-Late Miocene transition, MN 8/9; d, e – C. primus, Eichkogel, Late Miocene, MN 11; f, g – C. caucasicus sp. nov., Gaverdovsky (f) and Volchaya Balka (g, holotype), Late Miocene, MN 11. a–e – modified after Kälin and Engesser (2001).
Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky.
Text-fig. 12. Scatter diagrams of upper (a) and lower (b) molars of Parapodemus lugdunensis, Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 12. Scatter diagrams of upper (a) and lower (b) molars of Parapodemus lugdunensis, Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus.
Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185.
Text-fig. 8. Tarsometatarsi of fossil and Recent Sylvioidea. a – PIN, № 5528/3 from Volchaya Balka; b – PIN № 5528/4 from Volchaya Balka; c – Sylvia intermedia KESSLER, 2013; d – Sylvia borin (BODDAERT, 1783). a1–d1 – dorsal view; a2–d2 – plantar view; a3–d3 – distal view. Scale bars 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 8. Tarsometatarsi of fossil and Recent Sylvioidea. a – PIN, № 5528/3 from Volchaya Balka; b – PIN № 5528/4 from Volchaya Balka; c – Sylvia intermedia KESSLER, 2013; d – Sylvia borin (BODDAERT, 1783). a1–d1 – dorsal view; a2–d2 – plantar view; a3–d3 – distal view. Scale bars 1 mm.
Text-fig. 7. Fossil urodelans from studied localities. a, b – Mioproteus caucasicus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views; c, d – Chelotriton paradoxus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (c) and lateral (d) view. Scale bar 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 7. Fossil urodelans from studied localities. a, b – Mioproteus caucasicus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views; c, d – Chelotriton paradoxus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (c) and lateral (d) view. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view.
Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs.
Text-fig. 4. Palynological diagrams of Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 4. Palynological diagrams of Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka.
Text-fig. 3. Correlation model of the studied sections of Late Miocene deposits. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. 1. reversed polarity; 2. normal polarity; 3. unstudied interval. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 3. Correlation model of the studied sections of Late Miocene deposits. a. Tuapse highway bridge. b. Gaverdovsky. c. Volchaya Balka. 1. reversed polarity; 2. normal polarity; 3. unstudied interval.
Text-fig. 1. Geographic location of the studied sections. 1. Gaverdovsky, 2. Volchaya Balka, 3. Tuapse highway bridge, 4. Maikop city park. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology
Text-fig. 1. Geographic location of the studied sections. 1. Gaverdovsky, 2. Volchaya Balka, 3. Tuapse highway bridge, 4. Maikop city park.
FIG. 3 in A biotic survey and inventory of the dynastine scarab beetles of Mesoamerica, North America, and the West Indies: review of a long-term, multicountry project
FIG. 3. — Map of the study area showing the phases (I-IV) of the dynastine biotic inventory project.
FIG. 1 in A biotic survey and inventory of the dynastine scarab beetles of Mesoamerica, North America, and the West Indies: review of a long-term, multicountry project
FIG. 1. — Brett Ratcliffe and Renaud Paulian in Bordeaux, France, 13 May 2001. Photo: M. L. Jameson.
Data & R code for: Paquette & Hargreaves 'Biotic interactions are more often important at species' warm vs. cool range edges'
<p>Predicting which ecological factors constrain species distributions is a fundamental ecological question and critical to forecasting geographic responses to global change. Darwin hypothesized that abiotic factors generally impose species' high-latitude and high-elevation (typically cool) range limits, whereas biotic interactions more often impose species' low-latitude/low-elevation (typically warm) limits, but empirical support has been mixed. Here, we clarify three predictions arising from Darwin's hypothesis, and show that previously mixed support is partially due to researchers testing different predictions. Using a comprehensive literature review (885 range limits), we find that biotic interactions, including competition, predation, and parasitism, contributed to >60% of range limits, and influenced species' warm limits more often than cool limits. Abiotic factors contributed more often than biotic interactions to cool range limits, but temperature contributed frequently to both cool and warm limits. Our results suggest that most range limits will be sensitive to climate warming, but warm-limit responses will depend strongly on biotic interactions.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.