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255 results for “body shape”
Script and data used in: A lot of convergence, a bit of divergence: environment and interspecific interactions shape body color patterns in Lissotriton newts
<p>Coexistence with related species poses evolutionary challenges to which populations may react in diverse ways. When exposed to similar environments, sympatric populations of two species may adopt similar phenotypic trait values. However, selection may also favor trait divergence as a way to reduce competition for resources or mates. The characteristics of external body parts, such as coloration and external morphology, are involved to varying degrees in intraspecific signaling as well as in the adaptation to the environment, and consequently may be diversely affected by interspecific interactions in sympatry. Here, we studied the effect of sympatry on various color and morphological traits in males and females of two related newt species <i>Lissotriton helveticus</i> and <i>L. vulgaris</i>. Importantly, we did not only estimate how raw trait differences between species respond to sympatry, but also the marginal responses after controlling for environmental variation. We found that dorsal and caudal coloration converged in sympatry, likely reflecting their role in adaptation to local environments, especially concealment from predators. In contrast, aspects of male and female ventral coloration, which harbours sexual signals in both species, diverged in sympatry. This divergence may reduce opportunities for interspecific sexual interactions and the associated loss of energy, suggesting reproductive character displacement (RCD). Our study emphasizes the contrasting patterns of traits involved in different functions and calls for the need to consider this diversity in evolutionary studies.</p>
Dataset for: Body size and sexual selection shaped the evolution of parrot calls
<p><span>Morphology, habitat and various selective pressures (e.g., social and sexual selection) can influence the evolution of acoustic signals, but the relative importance of their effects is not well understood. The order Psittaciformes (parrots, <em>sensu lato</em>) is a large clade of very vocal and often gregarious species for which large-scale comparative studies of vocalizations are lacking. We measured acoustic traits (duration, sound frequency, frequency bandwidth and sound entropy) of the predominant call type for >200 parrot species to test: (1) for associations with body size; (2) the acoustic adaptation hypothesis (predicting differences between forest and open-habitat species); (3) the social complexity hypothesis (predicting more complex calls in gregarious species); and (4) influences of sexual selection (predicting correlated evolution with colour ornamentation). Larger species had on average longer calls, lower sound frequency and wider frequency bandwidth. These associations with body size are all predicted by physical principles of sound production. We found no evidence for the acoustic adaptation and social complexity hypotheses, but perhaps social complexity is associated with vocal traits not studied here, such as call repertoire sizes. More sexually dichromatic species had on average simpler calls (shorter, with lower entropy and narrower frequency bandwidth) indicating an influence of sexual selection, namely an evolutionary negative correlation between colour ornamentation and elaborate acoustic signals, as predicted by the transference hypothesis. Our study is the first large-scale attempt at understanding acoustic diversity across the Psittaciformes, and indicates that body size and sexual selection influenced the evolution of species differences in vocal signals.</span></p>
Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: a cross-taxa test of the Forage Maturation Hypothesis
<p>The Forage Maturation Hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximized when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely-sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of the digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalizable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.</p>
Figure 4 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 4. Reconstruction of the living coelacanth Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. Artwork by Alain Bénéteau.
Figure 3 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. and developmental origin of the derived characters. (A) Strict consensus trees of the 259 most parsimonious trees of 317 steps (CI = 0.3817, RI = 0.6766) with some of the uniquely derived characters present in Foreyia maxkuhni on the left, and reconstructions of genera with atypical general morphology. (B and C) Shared features of Ticinepomis peyeri and Foreyia maxkuhni (in orange) not included in the cladistics analysis (see main text for numbers). (D) Reconstruction of a coelacanth embryo with localization of embryonic tissues that give rise the derived skeletal features present in Foreyia. It is hypothesized that changes in the expression of Pax 9 may have altered the derived characters shown in blue on the reconstruction (E). All the drawings were made by LC. Abbreviation: Boc, basioccipital; Cla, clavicle; Exo, exoccipital; lat. Meso., lateral mesoderm; neur. cr., neural crest; pect. f., pectoral fin; S (numbered), somite.
Figure 1 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 1. Skeleton of the new coelacanth Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. (A) Photo and (B) outline of the holotype (PIMUZ A / I 4620). (C) Reconstruction of the whole skeleton.
Figure 2 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 2. Osteological details of the new coelacanth Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. (A) Photo and (B) surface CT reconstruction of the skull of the paratype (PIMUZ A / I 4372). (C) Tubercles and denticles in the Holotype (PIMUZ A / I 4620) and (D) in the paratype (PIMUZ A / I 4372). 1, tubercles on the skull roof. 2, large spine-like tubercles on the posterior margin of the otico-occipital shield. 3, denticles on the fin rays of the first dorsal fin. 4, scales with denticles from the ventral margin of the caudal peduncle. 5, scales with denticles from the anal region. 6, scales with denticles from the belly region. 7, toothed coronoid bones. 8, scales with denticles from the flank. 9, supplementary caudal fin lobe with spiny scales. 10, Scales with denticles from the lobe of the anal fin.
Figure 3 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. and developmental origin of the derived characters. (A) Strict consensus trees of the 259 most parsimonious trees of 317 steps (CI = 0.3817, RI = 0.6766) with some of the uniquely derived characters present in Foreyia maxkuhni on the left, and reconstructions of genera with atypical general morphology. (B and C) Shared features of Ticinepomis peyeri and Foreyia maxkuhni (in orange) not included in the cladistics analysis (see main text for numbers). (D) Reconstruction of a coelacanth embryo with localization of embryonic tissues that give rise the derived skeletal features present in Foreyia. It is hypothesized that changes in the expression of Pax9 may have altered the derived characters shown in blue on the reconstruction (E). All the drawings were made by LC. Abbreviation: Boc, basioccipital; Cla, clavicle; Exo, exoccipital; lat. Meso., lateral mesoderm; neur. cr., neural crest; pect. f., pectoral fin; S (numbered), somite.
Figure 2 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 2. Osteological details of the new coelacanth Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. (A) Photo and (B) surface CT reconstruction of the skull of the paratype (PIMUZ A/I 4372). (C) Tubercles and denticles in the Holotype (PIMUZ A/I 4620) and (D) in the paratype (PIMUZ A/I 4372). 1, tubercles on the skull roof. 2, large spine-like tubercles on the posterior margin of the otico-occipital shield. 3, denticles on the fin rays of the first dorsal fin. 4, scales with denticles from the ventral margin of the caudal peduncle. 5, scales with denticles from the anal region. 6, scales with denticles from the belly region. 7, toothed coronoid bones. 8, scales with denticles from the flank. 9, supplementary caudal fin lobe with spiny scales. 10, Scales with denticles from the lobe of the anal fin.
Figure 4 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 4. Reconstruction of the living coelacanth Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. Artwork by Alain Bénéteau.
Figure 1 in Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland
Figure 1. Skeleton of the new coelacanth Foreyia maxkuhni gen. et sp. nov. (A) Photo and (B) outline of the holotype (PIMUZ A/I 4620). (C) Reconstruction of the whole skeleton.
Fig. 8 in Evolutionary body shape diversification of the endemic Cyprinoidei fishes from the Balkan's Dinaric karst
Fig. 8 Mapping BI phylogeny onto a plot of the first two principal components of A the covariance matrix among species means (uncorrected shape data) and B the covariance matrix of residuals from the regression of independent contrast of shape to independent contrasts of CS (size-corrected shape data). Deformation grids represent body shape changes from the reconstructed ancestral body shape at the root for Aulopyge huegelii, Delminichthys ghetaldii, Phoxinellus alepidotus, Phoxinus karsticus, Phoxinus sp. 1 clade 2 sensu Palandačić et al. (2017), Squalius svallize, Telestes dabar and Telestes metohiensis. The magnitude of the variability explained by PCs axes is given in parentheses. The tips of the terminal branches indicate the location of the mean taxon shape in the morphospace. The position of the internal nodes was reconstructed by applying the criterion of squared change parsimony
Fig. 7 in Evolutionary body shape diversification of the endemic Cyprinoidei fishes from the Balkan's Dinaric karst
Fig. 7 UPGMA phenogram based on matrix of A Procrustes distances and B Mahalanobis distances of Aulopyge huegelii, Delminichthys ghetaldii, Phoxinellus alepidotus, Phoxinus karsticus, Phoxinus
Fig. 6 in Evolutionary body shape diversification of the endemic Cyprinoidei fishes from the Balkan's Dinaric karst
Fig. 6 Allometry of the body shape of eight fish species expressed as multivariate regression scores against centroid size. The deformation grids represent predicted body shape change from the smallest A to the largest B centroid size value
Fig. 2 in Evolutionary body shape diversification of the endemic Cyprinoidei fishes from the Balkan's Dinaric karst
Fig. 2 The positions of landmarks used for morphometric analysis: (1) snout tip; (2) most anterior point of the eye outline; (3) most posterior point of the eye outline; (4) posterio-ventral corner of the preopercular; (5) dorsal insertion of pectoral fin; (6) posterior most edge of operculum; (7) anterior insertion of pelvic fin; (8) anterior point of anal fin; (9) ventral origin of caudal fin; (10) posterior point of lateral line; (11) dorsal origin of caudal fin; (12) posterior inserion of dorsal fin; (13) anterior insertion of dorsal fin
FIG. 5 in Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)
FIG. 5. Results of principal component analysis depicting principal component 1 and principal component 2 with eight homologous landmarks and 70 semi-landmarks. Colored polygons represent distribution by marine habitat.
FIG. 6 in Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)
FIG. 6. Marine habitat transitions among Aulopiformes inferred on the time-calibrated phylogeny from Davis and Fielitz (2010). Outgroups trimmed from tree to highlight Aulopiformes. Benthic continental shelf to upper slope may range from approximately 0 to 500 meters depending on region, with most continental shelves breaking at 200 m. Deep-sea pelagic includes the zones below the epipelagic starting with the mesopelagic at 200 m. Maximum-likelihood character reconstruction of habitat shown with probabilities of states represented at nodes.
FIG. 3 in Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)
FIG. 3. Results of principal component analysis depicting principal component 1 and principal component 2 with eight homologous landmarks and 70 semi-landmarks. Colored polygons highlight distribution of specimens within families of lizardfishes.
FIG. 2 in Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)
FIG. 2. Example of fixed landmark (blue circles) and sliding semi-landmark (purple circles) locations on a lizardfish (SynoduS VariegatuS illustrated). Homologous fixed landmarks follow those from McMahan et al. (2011) and include: 1, anterior insertion of the dorsal fin on body; 2, posterior insertion of the dorsal fin on the body; 3, dorsal insertion of caudal fin; 4, ventral insertion of caudal fin; 5, posterior insertion of anal fin on the body; 6, anterior insertion of anal fin on body; 7, the point at which the interopercle meets the ventral body outline; 8, anterior tip of premaxilla. Digital image by R. P. Martin.
Data from: How predation shaped fish: the impact of fin spines on body form evolution across teleosts
It is well known that predators can induce morphological changes in some fish: individuals exposed to predation cues increase body depth and the length of spines. We hypothesize that these structures may evolve synergistically, as together, these traits will further enlarge the body dimensions of the fish that gape-limited predators must overcome. We therefore expect that the orientation of the spines will predict which body dimension increases in the presence of predators. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested this prediction on the macroevolutionary scale across 347 teleost families, which display considerable variation in fin spines, body depth and width. Consistent with our predictions, we demonstrate that fin spines on the vertical plane (dorsal and anal fins) are associated with a deeper-bodied optimum. Lineages with spines on the horizontal plane (pectoral fins) are associated with a wider-bodied optimum. Optimal body dimensions across lineages without spines paralleling the body dimension match the allometric expectation. Additionally, lineages with longer spines have deeper and wider body dimensions. This evolutionary relationship between fin spines and body dimensions across teleosts reveals functional synergy between these two traits and a potential macroevolutionary signature of predation on the evolutionary dynamics of body shape.
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