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Fig. 2 in Functional morphology and modifications on spine growth in the productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi

Fig. 2. Ontogenetic stages of productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi King, 1938; Moorman Ridge, White Pine County, Nevada, USA; middle Desmoinesian (Moscovian); based on length and width measurements of studied specimens (N = 44). Gray arrows indicate the image of the characteristic morphology of specimens from ontogenetic stages 1 and 2, and the dark arrow reflects a change in size from stage 1 to stage 6 (see additional information in the text and on Fig. 4).

Fig. 1 in Functional morphology and modifications on spine growth in the productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi

Fig. 1. Overall morphology of productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi King, 1938; Moorman Ridge, White Pine County, Nevada, USA; middle Desmoinesian (Moscovian). A. UCMP 155651, dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views of a silicified complete specimen. B. UCMP155656, interior view of a silicified dorsal valve. C. UCMP 155653, dorsal (C1) and ventral (C2) views of a silicified complete juvenile specimen. D. UCMP 155654, interior view of a silicified ventral valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6. Juvenile productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi King, 1938 in Functional morphology and modifications on spine growth in the productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi

Fig. 6. Juvenile productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi King, 1938; Moorman Ridge, White Pine County, Nevada, USA; middle Desmoinesian (Moscovian). A. UCPM 155661, disarticulated valve of a specimen inside of a ventral valve of a mature specimen. B. UCMP 155662, specimen growing in situ inside of a dissociated ventral valve of a dead individual, with spines modifying the original course of growth (arrowed) to prevent breakage. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Functional morphology and modifications on spine growth in the productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi

Fig. 4. Growth and arrangement of spines during the ontogeny productid brachiopod Heteralosia slocomi King, 1938; Moorman Ridge, White Pine County, Nevada, USA; middle Desmoinesian (Moscovian). A. UCMP 155655, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image image of the external morphology of the ventral valve of a specimen from the ontogenetic Stage 1. B. UCMP 155655, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image image of the external morphology of the ventral valve of a specimen from the ontogenetic Stage 2. C. UCMP 155651, macro−photographic image of the external morphology of the ventral valve of a specimen from the ontogenetic Stage 6. Photographs of growth stages in specimens (see Fig. 2) (A1–C1) and corresponding schematic diagrams (A2–C2) of progressive emplacement of spines (circles representing growth lamellae).

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Fig. 4 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 4. Pedicle of the Early Ordovician and Recent linguloid brachiopods. A. The most complete specimen of Leontiella sp. from the lower Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0614a); general view showing partially preserved shell (in upper right of the photograph) and pyritized vermiform pedicle (A1) and more detailed view (A2). B. External morphology of the pedicle of extant Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801, locality unknown (ZPAL Bp 70/6) (compare with A2). C, D. Two enlargements of pedicle from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China; PKUM02−0614b (C) and PKUM02−0615 (D). Note the surface fine transverse annuli and wider transverse wrinkles, as well as short longitudinal ridges well preserved in D. A slight damage in the upper part of D (arrowed) shows some thickness of the preserved pedicle. E. Fragment of pedicle with well preserved external morphology from Fenxiang Formation, Hubei Province, China (PKUM02−0616); a damage shows three−dimensional aspect of the preserved pedicle.

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Fig. 6 in The oldest brachiopods from the lower Cambrian of South Australia

Fig. 6. Backscatter SEM images of polished cross−sections of Cambrian paterinate brachiopods, Askepasma saproconcha sp. nov. (A) and Askepasma toddense Laurie, 1986 (B–E). A. SAMP47096, Wilkawillina Limestone, Narina Road, showing polygonal ornament exposed along a crack (top left corner of image) and the traces of polygonal structures through the shell. B. SAMP43361, Wilkawillina Limestone, sample MMF0.0, in limestone matrix (B1), transversal cross section showing thin fringes along the external shell surface; boxes show position of D and E; sketches of the lateral margins (B2). Details of B showing the polygonal structures of the fringes along the external shell surface (D1, E1); labelled sketches (D2, E2) showing different stages of closure of polygonal compartments; dotted line indicates a hypothetic lamina that sealed the compartments and acted as surface for apatite along the top of the compartments (ceiling deposits). C. SAMP 43332, Wilkawillina Limestone, sample MMF0.0, longitudinal cross−section of a specimen that was isolated by acid maceration and embedded in resin.

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Fig. 1 in The oldest brachiopods from the lower Cambrian of South Australia

Fig. 1. Locality and geological maps showing position of sampled stratigraphic sections and spot localities. A. Mount Scott area with positions of sections AJX−M and AJX−N. B. Bunkers Range showing location of section MMF. C. Geographical position of localities in the Flinders Ranges. D. Location of spot sample taken near the Kanyaka ruins. E. Bunkers Graben, showing location of section 10MS and the Wilkawillina Type Section. F. General position of field area in South Australia. G. Chace, Druid, and Elder ranges, showing position of sections ER9 and CR1 and spot locality in the Druid Range.

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Fig. 1 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic location of the Ordovician linguloid fauna. A. Geological sketch map of Yichang area, Hubei Province, China, showing locality of the Tianjialing section. B. Position of the bed from which the present material was collected (arrow head) in the Fenxiang Formation rock column at the Tianjialing section (after Baliński et al. 2012, modified).

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Fig. 3 in Preservation of soft tissues in an Ordovician linguloid brachiopod from China

Fig. 3. Linguloid Leontiella sp. from the Early Ordovician Fenxiang Formation of Hubei Province, China. A. Incomplete ventral interior showing pseudointerarea and pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/1). B. Incomplete dorsal internal mould showing median ridge (ZPAL Bp 70/2). C. Fragment of ventral valve showing left pseudointerarea and partly preserved pedicle groove (ZPAL Bp 70/3). D. External surface ornament (ZPAL Bp 70/4). C, D, SEM micrographs.

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Fig. 1 in Crural bases position as a structural criterion for supraspecific diagnosis of Early Jurassic zeilleriid brachiopods

Fig. 1. Selected specimens of the zeilleriid brachiopods in dorsal (A –K), lateral (A –K), and anterior (A –K) views. A, E–H. Pliensbachian, Eastern 1 1 2 2 3 3 Subbetic (South-East Spain). A. Securina oxygonia (Uhlig, 1879), DCTMA-UA I-XII-8-2. E. Bakonyithyris gastaldii (Parona, 1880), JdC O-VI-SE-3-2. F. Zeilleria aff. venusta (Uhlig, 1889), JdC O-IV-SE-4-8. G. Zeilleria mutabilis (Oppel, 1861), JdC I-XI-17-10. H. Zeilleria batilla (Geyer, 1889), JdC O-VI-SE-Ba-4. B–D. Upper Sinemurian–Lower Pliensbachian, Eastern Subbetic (South-East Spain). B. Securina securiformis (Gemmellaro, 1874), DCTMA-UA SPel-Bol-1-SSe-2. C. Securina plicata (Geyer, 1889), DCTMA-UA SF-1-M1-SP-21. D. Securina partschi (Oppel, 1861). DCTMA-UA SPel-Bol-Ca-SPa-2. I. Neozeilleria anglica (Oppel, 1856), DPUCM Fz.148.1, Lower Aalenian, Iberian Range (North-East Spain). J. Plesiothyris verneuili (Deslongchamps, 1863) DPUCM P.Ve-Cr-1, Pliensbachian, Iberian Range (North-East Spain). K. Aulacothyris resupinata (Sowerby, 1816), DPUCM 1-Ar.52, Lower Toarcian, Iberian Range (North-East Spain).

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Fig. 2 in Crural bases position as a structural criterion for supraspecific diagnosis of Early Jurassic zeilleriid brachiopods

Fig. 2. Synthetic scheme of the crural bases position patterns observed in the Zeilleriidae genera analysed in this paper. A. Zeilleria-type. B. Bakonyithyris-type. C. Securina-type.

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Fig. 3 in The problematic early Cambrian fossil Tumulduria incomperta represents the detached ventral interarea of a paterinid brachiopod

Fig. 3. Paterinid brachiopod Tumulduria incomperta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al, 1969. Dorsal valves. Aldan and Uchur River area, Nochoroicyathus sunnaginicus Zone, Siberia. A. NRM Br141139, sample 1793; A 1, dorsal view; A 2, oblique anterior view; A 3, oblique posterior view; A 4, detail of cardinal area in oblique posterior view; A 5, oblique anterolateral view of internal surface. B. NRM Br141140, sample 1825; B 1, dorsal view; B 2, oblique posterior view. C. NRM Br141141, sample 1832; C 1, dorsal view; C 2, oblique posterior view; C 3, oblique anterior view of internal surface. D. NRM Br141142, sample 1832; D , internal view; D , detail of internal surface with botryoidal structures.

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Fig. 1 in The problematic early Cambrian fossil Tumulduria incomperta represents the detached ventral interarea of a paterinid brachiopod

Fig. 1. Paterinid brachiopod Tumulduria incomperta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al, 1969. Typical Tumulduria plates with pseudodeltidium and partially preserved lateral flanks representing ventral interarea. Aldan and Uchur River area, Nochoroicyathus sunnaginicus Zone, Siberia. A. NRM Br141128, sample 1825; A 1, view from above; A 2, oblique posterior view. B. NRM Br141129, sample 1825; B 1, view from above; B 2, oblique posterior view. C.NRM Br141130, sample 1825; C 1, view from above; C 2, oblique posterior view. D. NRM Br141131, sample 1825; D 1, view from above; D 2, oblique lateral view. E. NRM Br141132, sample JSP 1990 27/1; E 1, view from above; E 2, oblique posterior view. F. NRM Br141133, sample JSP 1990 27/1; F 1, view from above; F 2, oblique posterior view. G. NRM Br141134, sample JSP 1990 27/1; G 1, view from above; G 2, oblique posterior view. H. NRM Br141135, sample 1825; H , internal view; H , detail of internal surface with botryoidal structures.

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Fig. 2 in The problematic early Cambrian fossil Tumulduria incomperta represents the detached ventral interarea of a paterinid brachiopod

Fig. 2. Paterinid brachiopod Tumulduria incomperta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al, 1969. Fragmentary valves. Aldan and Uchur River area, Nochoroicyathus sunnaginicus Zone, Siberia. A. NRM Br141136, sample 449, left lateral half of ventral interarea; A1, view from above; A2, oblique posterior view; A3, detail of pseudodeltidium in oblique view. B. NRM Br141137, sample 1832, fragment preserving junction of ventral interarea and ventral shell surface; B1, view from posterior; B2, oblique posterolateral view. C. NRM Br141138, sample 525, fragment of shell surface with fila and nick points.

Fig. 9 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 9. Microprobe EDS analyses of Recent lingulid brachiopod Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (AF JL.An.Tra) from Japan. A. Shell section. The external (B), median (C), and internal (D) portions of a valve of the shell. Measurements were made below the median adductor muscle.

Fig. 11 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 11. EDX analyses of Recent lingulid brachiopod Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (AF JEn.An.Long) from Japan. A. The gut wall. B. The gut content with the siliceous layer due to the diatoms. C. The lophophore (C3), close up of the lophophoral tentacles (C1). The white mineral visible in C1 and C3 is Si (distributed in the whole lophophore). SEM photographs (A1–C1, C3), EDX point analyses (A2–C2).

Fig. 8 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 8. Microprobe WDS scan line of Recent lingulid brachiopod Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (AF JL.An.Tra) from Japan. A. Shell section, the length of the portion measured is about 500 µm, and has been taken below the median adductor muscle. Ca (B), P (C), and F (D) are plotted according to the procedure described in the material and methods section and are concordant with fluorapatite mineral.

Fig. 7 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 7. Analyses of a juvenile specimens of Recent lingulid brachiopod Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 from Australia. A. TEM image of juvenile specimen. Longitudinal section through the mid juvenile shell and underlying mantle tissue. The shell material is unstructured apart from a more electron dense outer layer. B. Light microscope image of a ventral view of a pelagic juvenile specimen with 7 pairs of tentacles. Specimen in liquid embedding resin after glutardialdehyde and OsO4 fixation. C–E. Elemental mapping of area shown in G: Fe (C), Ca (visible Ca granules) (D), Os (E). F. Point analysis of the whitish electron−denser layer (area shown in G), 1.8 µm thick of the shell of G. G. BSD image of a longitudinal section.

Fig. 3 in Taphonomy of the earliest Cambrian linguliform brachiopods

Fig. 3. Elemental mapping of linguliform brachiopod shells; green for P (A1–H1), pink for Ca (A2–H2). A, B. Linguliform brachiopods (AF Shi 4−0818, AF Shi 4−0815b, respectively) from Cambrian Guanshan Fauna, China. C, D. Linguliform brachiopods (AF Hai 4−083, AF Hai 4−085, respectively) from Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna, China. E. Recent Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (AF JEn.An.Long) from Japan. F. Recent Lingula anatina Lamark, 1801 (MS−Ch.L.an) from China. G. Recent Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873 (MS−Ch.L.ad) from China. H. Recent Glottidia albida (Hinds, 1844) (AF Cal.G.al) from California.