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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Supplementary material S15: Brood-comb jolting pulse spectra.

Jolting pulse spectra on the brood-comb substrate. The jolting pulse spectra are sorted by magnitude in descending order. They were subject to the same analysis and filtering as the petri-dish data in S12 and the honeycomb data in S17. The magnitude of acceleration is logarithmic (to the base 10) where the highest magnitude (dark red) is 6x10-4 m/s2 and the lowest magnitude (dark blue) is forced to be 1/40 of the maximum to reduce the contribution of meaningless noise.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Figure 2. Female Hindumanes guarding her brood nest under a in Notes on broodcare by Hindumanes and updated distribution of the genus from published records and citizen science observations (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae)

Figure 2. Female Hindumanes guarding her brood nest under a Colocasia esculenta leaf in a residential garden, Gudalur, Tamil Nadu (10:47-10:52, 17 AUG 2019). The young were just beginning to hatch. This is record 10 in Table 2 and Map Figure 3.

Figure 2. Three brooding Brettus cingulatus females. 1, Female guarding recently deposited eggs. 2 in Do female Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) feed their young?

Figure 2. Three brooding Brettus cingulatus females. 1, Female guarding recently deposited eggs. 2, Female with first instar young, still with little pigmentation of the opisthosoma. Note that almost all covering silk, white flecks, and eggshell fragments were absent at this stage. 3, Later first instar young with full pigmentation of the prosoma and opisthosoma, as well as pigmentation of each femur I. The female (not shown) was still guarding the brood at this stage. Photographs by Arundathi Sambayya taken at Bhimanakone, Sangara taluk, Shimoga District, Karnataka, India.

Figure 2 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 2 (continued on next page). Views of an adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura tending a series of broods within her nest. Broods, each comprised of 5-9 eggs or young, with either unhatched eggs (A), hatching eggs (B), hatched but undeveloped young or first instars (C), or mobile early second instars prior to emergence (D).

Figure 2 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Views of an adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura tending a series of broods within her nest.

Figure 1. Brooding female Brettus cingulatus Thorell 1895. 1 in Do female Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) feed their young?

Figure 1. Brooding female Brettus cingulatus Thorell 1895. 1, Guarding recently deposited cluster of eggs covered with silk fibers and white flecks. 2, Ten days later, guarding hatchlings (first instar). Larger white flecks represent eggshell fragments. 3, Three days later. Almost all silk, white flecks, and eggshell fragments are gone, and except for their legs, the first instar young are now pigmented. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C. at his Indraprastha Organic Farm, Kalalwadi Village, Karnataka, India. For comparison see Abhijith & Hill (2019) for photographs of the emergent second instar young.

Figure 1 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 1. Adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura on cultivated Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) in Guddekeri, Agumbe, Shimoga, Karnataka, India (26 SEP 2021). 1-2, Two views of female. 3, Female guarding multiple broods in nest, under the gaze of a nearby frog (upper left). This nest is shown in more detail in Figure 2.

Figure 3. A in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 3. A different adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura in her nest, with one early second instar brood (D), and one late second instar brood with well-developed pigmentation (E).

Figure 2 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 2. Multiple broods of a second female Asemonea tenuipes, in a different nest. 1, Female at center between her first, emergent brood and a second group of 22 eggs. Note how her position between these broods allows free access to the two entrances at either end of the nest (top and bottom of each photograph). 2, Eight days later, and most spiderlings of the first brood (at right) have molted into the free-living second instar stage, as shown by the presence of exuviae. The second brood, at left, has hatched, and this female has deposited a third brood of about 17 eggs between the other broods.

Figure 3 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 3. Multiple broods of a third female Asemonea tenuipes in a different nest. Members of the first brood (at left) already have well-developed eyes, and the 14 eggs of the second brood are ready to hatch. Note the presence of this well-fed female outside of her nest with captured prey (a brachyceran fly). Also note the multiple entrances at either side of this nest (top and bottom of the photograph), and a clear space for the female to move between these between her broods.

Figure 1 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 1 (continued from previous page). Multiple broods of a female Asemonea tenuipes, in a single nest. 3, Same female with the 20 emergent spiderlings from her first brood, and a second brood of 19 eggs deposited in two continguous rows. 4, Nine days later, the same female was once again gravid, after the departure of the first brood. At least 14 emergent instars from the second brood are visible. 5, Three days later, the female has deposited a third brood of 17 eggs near the first one, and about 10 spiderlings from the second brood can still be seen. 6, Ten days later, and only emergent instars of the third brood can be seen. All photographs in Figures 1-3 were taken by the senior author (PJ) in his backyard next to the Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, Maharashta, India (19°13'59.6"N 72°51'52.5"E).

Figure 1 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 1 (continued on next page). Multiple broods of a female Asemonea tenuipes, in a single nest. 1, Female attending to the 20 eggs of her first brood. 2, Same female, now gravid, with 20 emergent first instars from her first brood eight days later.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

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Genetic basis for the evolution of pelvic-fin brooding, a new mode of reproduction, in a Sulawesian fish

Modes of reproduction in animals are diverse, with different modes having evolved independently in multiple lineages across a variety of taxa. However, an understanding of the genomic change driving the transition between different modes of reproduction is limited. Several ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) on the island of Sulawesi have a unique mode of reproduction called "pelvic-fin brooding," wherein females carry externally fertilized eggs until hatching using their pelvic fins. Phylogenomic analysis demonstrated pelvic-fin brooders to have evolved at least twice in two distant clades of the Adrianichthyidae. We investigated the genetic architecture of the evolution of this unique mode of reproduction. Morphological analyses and laboratory observations revealed that females of pelvic-fin brooders have longer pelvic fins and a deeper abdominal concavity, and that they can carry an egg clutch for longer than non-brooding adrianichthyids, suggesting that these traits play important roles in this reproductive mode. Quantitative trait locus mapping using a cross between a pelvic-fin brooder Oryzias eversi and a non-brooding O. dopingdopingensis reveals different traits involved in pelvic-fin brooding to be controlled by different loci on different chromosomes. Genomic analyses of admixture detected no signatures of introgression between two lineages with pelvic-fin brooders, indicating that introgression is unlikely to be responsible for repeated evolution of pelvic-fin brooding. These findings suggest that multiple independent mutations may have contributed to the convergent evolution of this novel mode of reproduction.

Figure 2 in Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Selected sequential frames from a 23.98 fps video of a male approaching the nesting Brettus cingulatus to mate (5 June 2022, 11:15 IST). 13-15, The male continued to approach the female and to touch her with extended legs I. 16-24, After mounting the female, the male attempted to get her to rotate or raise her abdomen in preparation for mating on the left side.

Figure 1 in Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figure 1 (continued on next page). Sequential photographs taken at a Brettus cingulatus nest site. 1-4, Mating pair on the nest of a brooding female. The inflated tegulum (or bulb) of the left pedipalp of the male can be seen clearly. The eggs were recently deposited.

Figure 2 in Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figure 2 (continued on next page). Selected sequential frames from a 23.98 fps video of a male approaching the nesting Brettus cingulatus to mate (5 June 2022, 11:15 IST). 1-3, The alert female guarding her brood. 4, Female turning to face the courting male. 5-9, Female in elevated position with extended legs I, turning to face the male. Note the separation and movement of the bright white pedipalps of this female. 10- 12, Male approaching female with outstretched legs I and separated pedipalps.

Figure 1 in Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figure 1 (continued from previous page). Sequential photographs taken at a Brettus cingulatus nest site. 28-31, Second female feeding on a series of defenseless instar I spiderlings.

Figure 3. Consecutive frames from a 23.98 fps video showing a in Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini)

Figure 3. Consecutive frames from a 23.98 fps video showing a female Brettus cingulatus capturing an instar I spiderling in the unattended brood (16 June 2022, 08:00 IST). 1-6, Approaching the intended victim. 7-8, Jump to capture the spiderling. 9-24, Slowly moving to the rear to feed on the captured spiderling.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Figure 5 in Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2)

Figure 5 (continued on next page). Sequential but not consecutive frames from a 30fps video clip showing the approach of the male and mating by this cohabiting Telamonia dimidiata pair. 1-3, Approach by male.