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546 results for “coexistence”
Dataset and R code for the manuscript:Interspecific facilitation drives coexistence by favouring rare sensitive species and reducing performance disparities
<p>The following directory contains the data necessary to replicate the results obtained in the manuscript entitled: <strong>Interspecific facilitation drives coexistence by favouring rare sensitive species and reducing performance disparities </strong></p> <p>We provided an R workspace containing the data "Dataset1.RData", a "ReadMe.txt" archive with detailed information of the variables included in "Dataset1.RData", and the R code necessary to replicate the results and figures ("Rcode1.txt")</p>
Data for: Coexistence or conflict: black bear habitat use along an urban-wildland gradient
<p class="MsoNormal">The urban-wildland interface is expanding and increasing the risk of human-wildlife conflict. Some wildlife species adapt to or avoid living near people, while others select for anthropogenic resources and are thus more prone to conflict. To promote human-wildlife coexistence, wildlife and land managers need to understand how conflict relates to habitat and resource use in the urban-wildland interface. We investigated black bear (<em>Ursus americanus</em>) habitat use across a gradient of human disturbance in a North American hotspot of human-black bear conflict. We used camera traps to monitor bear activity from July 2018 to July 2019, and compared bear habitat use to environmental and anthropogenic variables and spatiotemporal probabilities of conflict. Bears predominantly used areas of high vegetation productivity, avoided higher human densities, and increased their nocturnality near people. Still, bears used more high-conflict areas in summer and autumn, specifically rural lands with ripe crops. Our results suggest that bears are generally modifying their behaviours in the urban-wildland interface through spatial and temporal avoidance of humans, which may facilitate coexistence. However, conflict still occurs, especially in autumn when hyperphagia and peak crop availability attract bears to abundant rural food resources. To improve conflict mitigation practices, we recommend targeting seasonal rural attractants such as with pre-emptive fruit picking, bear-proof compost containment, and other forms of behavioural deterrence. By combining camera-trap monitoring of a large carnivore along an anthropogenic gradient with conflict mapping, we provide a framework for evidence-based improvements in human-wildlife coexistence.</p>
Data and MATLAB files for: Timescale analyses of fluctuations in coexisting populations of a native and invasive tree squirrel
<p>1. Competition from invasive species is an increasing threat to biodiversity. In Southern California, the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus, WGS) is facing increasing competition from the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger, FS), an invasive congener.</p> <p>2. We used spectral methods to analyze 140 consecutive monthly censuses of WGS and FS within a 11.3 ha section of the California Botanic Garden. Variation in the numbers for both species and their synchrony was distributed across long timescales (> 15 months).</p> <p>3. After filtering out annual changes, concurrent mean monthly temperatures from nearby Ontario Airport (ONT) yielded a spectrum with a large semiannual peak and significant spectral power at long timescales (> 30 months). Squirrel-temperature cospectra showed significant negative covariation at long timescales (> 35 months) for WGS and smaller significant negative peaks at 6 months for both species.</p> <p>4. Simulations from a Lotka-Volterra model of two competing species indicates that the risk of extinction for the weaker competitor increases quickly as environmental noise shifts from short to long timescales.</p> <p>5. We analyzed the timescales of fluctuations in detrended mean annual temperatures for the time period 1915-2014 from 1218 locations across the continental USA. In the last two decades, significant shifts from short timescales to long timescales have occurred, changing from less than 3 years to 4-6 years.</p> <p>6. Our results indicate that (i) population fluctuations in co-occurring native and invasive tree squirrels are synchronous, occur over long timescales, and may be driven by fluctuations in environmental conditions; (ii) long timescale population fluctuations increase the risk of extinction in competing species, especially for the inferior competitor; and (iii) the timescales of interannual environmental fluctuations may be increasing from recent historical values. These results have broad implications for the impact of climate change on the maintenance of biodiversity.</p>
Trait adaptation enhances species coexistence and reduces bistability in an intraguild predation module
<p><span>Disentangling how species coexist in an intraguild predation (IGP) module is a great step towards understanding biodiversity conservation in complex natural food webs. Trait variation enabling </span><span>individual species</span><span> to adjust</span><span> to ambient conditions may facilitate coexistence. However, it is still unclear how </span><span>co-adaptation of </span><span>all species within the IGP module</span><span>, constrained by complex</span><span> trophic </span><span>interactions</span><span> and </span><span>trade-offs among species-specific traits,</span><span> interactively affects species coexistence and population dynamics.</span> <span>We developed an adaptive IGP model allowing prey and predator species to mutually adjust their </span><span>species-specific</span><span> defensive and offensive strategies to each other. We investigated species persistence, the temporal variation of population dynamics, and the occurrence of bistability in IGP models without and with trait adaptation along a gradient of enrichment</span><span> represented by </span><span>carrying capacity of the basal prey for </span><span>different</span><span> widths</span><span> and speeds of trait adaptation within each species</span><span>. </span><span>Results showed that trait adaptation within multiple species greatly enhanced the coexistence of all three species in the module. A larger width of trait adaptation facilitated species coexistence independent of the speed of trait adaptation at lower enrichment levels, while a sufficiently large and fast trait adaptation promoted species coexistence at higher enrichment levels. Within the oscillating regime, increasing the speed of trait adaptation reduced the temporal variability of biomasses of all species. Finally, species co-adaptation strongly reduced the presence of bistability and promoted the attractor with all three species coexisting.</span> <span>These findings resolve the contradiction between the widespread occurrence of IGP in nature and the theoretical predictions that IGP should only occur under restricted conditions and lead to unstable population dynamics, which broadens the mechanisms presumably underlying the maintenance of IGP modules in nature. Generally, this study </span><span>demonstrates</span> <span>a decisive role of mutual adaptation among complex trophic interactions, </span><span>for enhancing interspecific diversity and </span><span>stabilizing </span><span>food web </span><span>dynamics, arising e.g. from </span><span>intraspecific diversity.</span></p>
Coexisting mangrove-coral habitat use by reef fishes in the Caribbean
<p>We conducted visual fish surveys in coexisting mangrove-coral (CMC) habitats in Panama to analyze the effect of coral presence in mangrove habitats on the fish assemblage. Our study revealed that CMC habitats harbor distinct fish assemblages compared to mangrove habitats without coral, with greater species richness and increased herbivore abundance.</p>
Coexistence and coupling of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in an oxide two-dimensional electron gas
<p>The dataset contains X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), electric polarization and magnetotransport measurements obtained on LaAlO3/EuTiO3/Ca:SrTiO3 heterostructures, at which interface a two-dimensional electron gas appears.</p> <p>X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) extracted from the XAS data are also included, as well as X-ray linear dichroism (XLD) alongside atomic multiplet calculations for two sets of parameters corresponding to "up" and "down" remanent polarization states (data of Fig. 1 and 2).</p>
Transgenerational coexistence history attenuates negative direct interactions and strengthens facilitation
<p>Data set for the study <strong>Transgenerational coexistence history attenuates negative direct interactions and strengthens facilitation</strong></p>
Coadaptation of coexisting plants enhances productivity in an agricultural system
<p>Data set for the study <strong>Coadaptation of coexisting plants enhances productivity in an agricultural system</strong></p>
Spatial structure and benefits to hosts allow plasmids with and without post-segregational killing (PSK) systems to coexist
<p>To persist a plasmid relies on being passed on to a daughter cell, but this does not always occur. Plasmids with post-segregational killing (PSK) systems kill a daughter cell if it has not been passed on. By killing the host, it also kills competing plasmids in the same host, something competing plasmids without a similar system cannot do. Accordingly, plasmids with PSK systems can displace other plasmids. In nature, plasmids with and without PSK systems coexist and prior theory has suggested this is expected to be very rare or unstable, such that one or the other type of plasmid eventually takes over. Here, we show that if there is spatial structure and plasmids confer benefits to hosts, coexistence of plasmids occurs broadly. Often plasmids confer benefits (even ones with a PSK system) and bacteria are often spatially structured. So, our results may be generally applicable.</p>
Supplementary data to: Grassland greening and water resource availability may coexist in a warming climate
<p>This data archive includes the boundary of the North China and Tibetan Plateau (NCTP), three sub-regions, and respective province, the CLCD landcover in 2020, annual PM ET in 1982, and trends in projected water yield and leaf area index by the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century (up to 2100). The boundary of the NCTP, three sub-regions, and respective province is in the shapefile (.shp) format, and other processed data are in the geotiff (.tif) or in the mat format. For calculation details please see the publication.</p>
Data from: Interactions between fitness components across the life cycle constrain competitor coexistence
<p><span>Numerous mechanisms can promote competitor coexistence. Yet, these mechanisms are often considered in isolation of one another. Consequently, whether multiple mechanisms shaping coexistence combine to promote or constrain species coexistence remains an open question. </span><span>Here, we aim to understand how multiple mechanisms interact within and between life stages to determine frequency-dependent population growth, which has a key role stabilizing local competitor coexistence. </span><span>We conducted field experiments in three lakes manipulating relative frequencies of two <em>Enallagma</em> damselfly species to evaluate demographic contributions of three mechanisms affecting different fitness components across the life cycle: the effect of resource competition on individual growth rate, predation shaping mortality rates, and mating harassment determining fecundity. We then used a demographic model that incorporates carry-over effects between life stages to decompose the relative effect of each fitness component generating frequency-dependent population growth. </span><span>This decomposition showed that fitness components combined to increase population growth rates for one species when rare, but they combined to decrease population growth rates for the other species when rare, leading to predicted exclusion in most lakes. </span>Because interactions between fitness components within and between life stages vary among populations, these results show that local coexistence is population specific. Moreover, we show that multiple mechanisms do not necessarily increase competitor coexistence, as they can also combine to yield exclusion. Identifying coexistence mechanisms in other systems will require greater focus on determining contributions of different fitness components across the life cycle shaping competitor coexistence in a way that captures the potential for population level variation.</p>
Do plant-soil feedbacks promote coexistence in a sagebrush steppe?
<p>Recent studies have shown the potential for negative plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) to promote stable coexistence but have not quantified the stabilizing effect relative to other coexistence mechanisms. We conducted a field experiment to test the role of PSFs in stabilizing coexistence among four dominant sagebrush steppe species that appear to coexist stably, based on previous work with observational data and models. We then integrated the effects of PSF treatments on focal species across germination, survival, and first-year growth. To contribute to stable coexistence, soil microbes should have host-specific effects that result in negative feedbacks. Over two replicated growing seasons, our experiments consistently showed that soil microbes have negative effects on plant growth, but these effects were rarely host-specific. The uncommon host-specific effects were mostly positive at the germination stage and negative for growth. Integrated effects of PSF across early life-stage vital rates showed that PSF-mediated self-limitation occasionally had large effects on projected plant biomass but occurred inconsistently between years. Our results suggest that while microbially-mediated PSF may not be a common mechanism of coexistence in this community, it may still affect the relative abundance of dominant plant species via changes in host fitness. Our work also serves as a blueprint for future investigations that aim to identify underlying processes and test alternative mechanisms to explain important patterns in community ecology.</p>
Local coexistence and genetic isolation of three pollinator species on the same fig tree species
Molecular tools increasingly reveal cryptic lineages and species that were previously unnoticed by traditional taxonomy. The discovery of cryptic species in sympatry prompts the question of how they coexist in the apparent absence of ecological divergence. However, this assumes first that the molecular taxonomy used to identify cryptic lineages delimits species boundaries accurately. This issue is important, because many diversity studies rely heavily or solely on data from mitochondrial DNA sequences for species delimitation, and several factors may lead to poor identification of species boundaries. We used a multilocus population genetics approach to show that three mtDNA-defined cryptic lineages of the fig wasp Pleistodontes imperialis Saunders, which pollinate Port Jackson figs (Ficus rubiginosa) in north-eastern Australia, represent reproductively isolated species. These species coexist locally, with about 13% of figs (where mating occurs) containing wasps from two or three species. However, there was no evidence for gene flow between them. Confirmed cases of coexisting cryptic species provide excellent opportunities for future studies of the ecological and evolutionary forces shaping both species coexistence and fig/pollinator coevolution.
Data for: Emergent coexistence in multispecies microbial communities
<p>Understanding the mechanisms that maintain microbial biodiversity is a critical aspiration in ecology. Past work on microbial coexistence has largely focused on species pairs, but it is unclear whether pairwise coexistence in isolation is required for coexistence in a multispecies community. To address this question, we conducted hundreds of pairwise competition experiments among the stably coexisting members of 12 different enrichment communities in vitro. To determine the outcomes of these experiments, we developed an automated image analysis pipeline to quantify species abundances. We found that competitive exclusion was the most common outcome, and it was strongly hierarchical and transitive. Because many species that coexist within a stable multispecies community fail to coexist in pairwise co-culture under identical conditions, we concluded that multispecies coexistence is an emergent phenomenon. This work highlights the importance of community context for understanding the origins of coexistence in complex ecosystems.</p>
Rotational grazing with cattle-free zones supports the coexistence of cattle and wild herbivores in African rangelands
<p>African wildlife populations are declining at an alarming rate. To stop further population declines and restore ecosystems, more areas for wildlife are needed. Community-based conservation with wildlife-livestock coexistence in the vast rangelands of Africa presents a major opportunity. However, the efficacy of wildlife conservation in mixed land-use areas remains an outstanding question. To assess the ecological outcomes of land-sharing between regulated livestock herds and wildlife populations in African savannas, we test how rotational cattle grazing affects spatiotemporal dynamics of 15 large herbivore species in the Maasai Mara, Kenya.</p> <p>First, we tested how wild herbivore distributions across the Greater Mara Ecosystem (the Mara, ~2,600 km2) are related to cattle density and environmental variables using 584,561 observations of wild herbivores (ecosystem scale). In a second analysis, we tested how rotational cattle grazing affects wild herbivore distributions in a 300 km2 subsection of the Mara using 30,583 observations (landscape scale). Finally, we tested how functional traits of wild herbivores affect species-level spatiotemporal responses to cattle grazing. </p> <p>At the ecosystem scale, the presence of five wild herbivore species was positively correlated with cattle density, while cattle effects on wild herbivore abundances were species-dependent with both increases and decreases. At the landscape scale, rotational cattle grazing strongly impacted the spatiotemporal habitat selection of wild herbivores, resulting in distinct lag periods with which different species are attracted to areas previously grazed by cattle. These lag periods were linked to functional traits, with body mass and herd size explaining 35% of the interspecific differences. Small to medium-sized herbivores with large herds select areas recently grazed by cattle, whereas large species with large herd sizes and small species with small herd sizes avoid recently grazed areas.</p> <p><strong><em>Synthesis and applications</em></strong> Our results revealed that the effect of cattle on wild herbivores varies considerably among species, suggesting that cattle-wildlife interactions range from facilitation to competition. To maintain species that strongly avoid cattle, designated livestock-free zones remain essential, also in rotational grazing systems. Rotational grazing systems with regulated livestock densities present an important opportunity to better manage wildlife-livestock coexistence and thus improve wildlife conservation in African rangelands.</p>
Data and Code supplement to: Effects of intraspecific variation in a native species´ phenology on its coexistence with non-native plants
<p>Data and code to generate the results of the paper published at Oikos "Effects of intraspecific variation in a native species´ phenology on its coexistence with non-native plants". </p> <p>Both R files can be independently run, and datasets include the raw data to generate the interaction coefficients according Lasthenia phenology or simulations to investigate the effect of intraspecific trait variation of Lasthenia population abundances. </p>
Propensity for selfing varies within a population of hermaphroditic snails: coexistence of selfers, outcrossers, and mixed-mating individuals
<p class="MsoNormal">To understand mating-system evolution in self-compatible hermaphrodites, variation in selfing rates is highly relevant. Empirical studies are rarely designed to capture variation between individuals, instead often comparing species and populations. Yet, evolution primarily occurs within populations, rendering among-individual variation essential. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Observed individual selfing rates depend on the environment (<em>e.g.</em>, differences in mate availability) and individuals' propensity for selfing. We quantified individual variation in selfing propensity in the snail <em>Radix balthica</em> by conducting laboratory mating trials that manipulated mate availability (low <em>vs.</em> moderate) and estimating selfing rates from progeny arrays. We also measured female lifetime fitness. We found substantial among-individual variation in selfing propensity, including pure selfers (32%), pure outcrossers (31%), and mixed-mating individuals that selfed and outcrossed (37%). Experimental levels of mate availability did not significantly affect selfing rates. Selfers had reduced female liftetime fitness.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Our results show that the propensity for selfing can differ considerably among individuals, with similar proportions of selfers, outcrossers, and mixed maters. As mate availability did not affect selfing, our "moderate" level might still have been too low to prompt selfers to outcross. This and the observed fitness differences also cautiously suggest that investigating the heritability of selfing propensities might be worthwhile in this population.</p>
Nutrient enrichment undermines invasion resistance to Spartina alterniflora in a saltmarsh: Insights from modern coexistence theory
<ol> <li>The ability of native communities to maintain invasion resistance in the face of environmental changes is crucial for biodiversity conservation. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the inhibitive effects experienced by invaders, providing limited insights into the ultimate outcome of resistance.</li> <li>In this study, we integrated modern coexistence theory into biotic resistance research to investigate the impact of nutrient enrichment on the resistance of Phragmites australis marsh to Spartina alterniflora invasion in the Yangtze estuary saltmarshes of China.</li> <li>Our results demonstrated that under non-enriched conditions, successful invasion resistance was facilitated by stable coexistence between native and invasive species in the field. This prediction of invasion resistance aligned with the distribution dynamics of the two species in the Yangtze estuary saltmarshes over the past two decades. However, nutrient enrichment was likely to lead to a fundamental shift in their coexistence and ultimately, the failure of resistance.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Integrating modern coexistence theory into biotic resistance studies advances the assessment of invasion resistance by shifting from quantifying relative strength to predicting explicit resistance outcomes. Ecosystem managers can draw explicit conclusions about the potential establishment and impact of invaders by analyzing observational or experimental data within the framework of modern coexistence theory. This information aids in identifying the most efficient strategies for addressing invasive species.</li> </ol>
Spatial separation of prey from livestock facilitates coexistence of a specialized large carnivore with human land use
<p><span>There is an increasing emphasis in</span><span> conservation strategies for large carnivores on facilitating their coexistence with humans.</span> <span>Justification for coexistence</span><span> strategies should be based on a quantitative assessment of currently remaining large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes. An essential part of a carnivore's coexistence strategy has to rely on its prey</span><span>. In this research, we studied snow leopards <em>Panthera uncia</em> whose habitat mainly comprises human-dominated, unprotected areas, to understand how a large carnivore and its primary prey, the bharal <em>Pseudois nayaur</em>, could coexist with human land use activities in a large proportion of its range. Using a combination of livestock census, camera trapping and wildlife surveys, across a broad gradient of </span><span>livestock grazing intensity in a 363,000 km<sup>2</sup> landscape on the Tibetan Plateau, </span><span>we found no evidence of livestock grazing impacts on snow leopard habitat use, bharal density and spatial distribution, even though livestock density was 13 times higher than bharal density.</span><span> Bharal were found to prefer utilizing more rugged habitats at higher elevations with lower grass forage conditions, whereas livestock dominated in flat valleys at lower elevations with higher productivity, especially during the resource-scarce season. These findings suggest that the spatial niche separation between bharal and livestock, together with snow leopards' specialized bharal diet, minimized conflicts and allowed snow leopards and bharal to coexist in landscapes dominated by livestock grazing. In recent years, reduced hunting and nomadic herder's lifestyle changes towards permanent residence may have further reinforced this spatial separation.</span><span> Our</span><span> results indicated that, </span><span>for developing conservation strategies for large carnivores, the niche of their prey in relation to human land-use is a key variable that needs to be evaluated.</span></p>
Directed movement changes coexistence outcomes in heterogeneous environments
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