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157 results for “color polymorphism”
Figure 10 from: Wong J, Foo M, Tan HTW, Meier R (2017) Whitefly predation and extensive mesonotum color polymorphism in an Acletoxenus population from Singapore (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys 725: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.13675
Figure 10 Acletoxenus cf. indicus puparium A with green body, is usually B covered in whitefly wax and instars, and C translucent integument revealing red eyes of the developing adult at later stages.
Figure 7 from: Wong J, Foo M, Tan HTW, Meier R (2017) Whitefly predation and extensive mesonotum color polymorphism in an Acletoxenus population from Singapore (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys 725: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.13675
Figure 7 Acletoxenus cf. indicus adult A lateral view B SEM with proboscis folded in, and C SEM showing a typical extended schizophoran proboscis.
Figure 6 from: Wong J, Foo M, Tan HTW, Meier R (2017) Whitefly predation and extensive mesonotum color polymorphism in an Acletoxenus population from Singapore (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys 725: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.13675
Figure 6 Drosophila melanogaster larval cephaloskeleton A lateral view with light microscope B ventral view close-up with light microscope C ventral view with light microscope, and D ventral view with confocal microscope, showing a pharyngeal filter.
Figure 5 from: Wong J, Foo M, Tan HTW, Meier R (2017) Whitefly predation and extensive mesonotum color polymorphism in an Acletoxenus population from Singapore (Diptera, Drosophilidae). ZooKeys 725: 49-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.725.13675
Figure 5 Acletoxenus cf. indicus larval cephaloskeleton A lateral view with light microscope B ventral view close-up with light microscope C ventral view with light microscope, and D ventral view with confocal microscope, showing a lack of pharyngeal filter.
Data from: Inaccurate color discrimination by pollinators promotes evolution of discrete color polymorphism in food-deceptive flowers
Many plant species employing food-deceptive pollination strategy show discrete or continuous floral polymorphism within their populations. Previous studies have suggested that negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) caused by learning behavior of pollinators was responsible for maintenance of floral polymorphism. However, NFDS alone does not explain why and when discrete or continuous polymorphism evolves. In this study, we use an evolutionary simulation model to propose that inaccurate discrimination of flower colors by pollinators results in evolution of discrete flower color polymorphism. Simulations showed that associative learning based on inaccurate discrimination in pollinators caused disruptive selection of flower colors. The degree of inaccuracy determined the number of discrete flower colors that evolved. Our results suggest that animal behavior based on inaccurate discrimination may be a general cause of disruptive selection that promotes discrete trait polymorphism.
Color polymorphism is a driver of diversification
<p>Color polymorphism – two or more heritable color phenotypes maintained within a single breeding population – is an extreme type of intra-specific diversity widespread across the tree of life. Color polymorphism is hypothesized to be an engine for speciation, where morph loss or divergence between distinct color morphs within a species results in the rapid evolution of new lineages, and thus, color polymorphic lineages are expected to display elevated diversification rates. Multiple species in the lizard family Lacertidae are color polymorphic, making them an ideal group to investigate the evolutionary history of this trait and its influence on macroevolution. Here, we produce a comprehensive species-level phylogeny of the lizard family Lacertidae to reconstruct the evolutionary history of color polymorphism and test if color polymorphism has been a driver of diversification. Accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty, we estimate an ancient origin of color polymorphism (111 MYA) within the Lacertini tribe (subfamily Lacertinae). Color polymorphism most likely evolved few times in the Lacertidae and has been lost at a much faster rate than gained. Evolutionary transitions to color polymorphism are associated with shifts in increased net diversification rate in this family of lizards. Taken together, our empirical results support long-standing theoretical expectations that color polymorphism is a driver of diversification.</p>
Figure 9 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 9 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera latilineola Drew and Hancock (A–E) (11 specimens examined and 4 sequenced) and Bactrocera melastomatos Drew and Hancock (F–O) (46 specimens examined and 8 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms1114 B ms2025 C ms2025 D ms2024 E ms1299 F ms1415 G ms1416 H ms1410 I ms1412 J ms1411 K ms1416 L ms1417 M ms1413 N ms1410 O ms1411.
Figure 6 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 6 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera kanchanaburi Drew and Hancock (47 specimens examined and 16 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms3599 B ms1300 C ms3598 D ms1303 E ms3725 F ms1302 G ms3597 H ms3596 I ms3728 J ms3603 K ms3599 L ms3728 M ms1300 N ms1301 O ms3729.
Figure 7 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 7 - Variation in color pattern of scutum in Bactrocera kohkongiae Leblanc (210 specimens examined and 22 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms1149 B ms1144 C ms1142 D ms1780 E ms1148 F ms1145 G ms1307 H ms1143 I ms1141 J ms1146 K ms1151 L ms1785 M ms1140 N ms1781 O ms1150.
Figure 8 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 8 - Variation in color pattern of abdomen in Bactrocera kohkongiae Leblanc. Voucher codes are: A ms1149 B ms1147 C ms1145 D ms1785 E ms1146 F ms1139 G ms1137.
Figure 5 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 5 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera fuscitibia (Drew and Hancock) (33 specimens examined and 6 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms1178 B ms1177 C ms1297 D ms1175 E ms1176 F ms1177 G ms1178 H ms1297.
Figure 4 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 4 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (> 300 specimens examined and 12 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms2003 B ms2005 C ms1998 D ms2008 E ms1999 F ms1997 G ms2010 H ms2004 I ms2009 J ms2002 K ms2005 L ms2008 M ms2009.
Figure 3 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 3 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera bivittata Li and Wang (47 specimens examined and 10 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms3606 B ms1305 C ms1304 D ms3607 E ms3605 F ms3604 G ms3609 H ms3608 I ms1790 J ms3605 K ms3606 L ms3609 M ms3604.
Figure 2 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 2 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera bhutaniae Drew and Romig (321 specimens examined and 36 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms3593 B ms3531 C ms3533 D ms4321 E ms2034 F ms1166 G ms2031 H ms3527 I ms3580 J ms1168 K ms2030 L ms3578 M ms4329 N ms3527 O ms1168.
Figure 1 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 1 - Maximum likelihood tree, concatenated, based three gene (COI, period, EF-1α) dataset. Support values above branches are Maximum Likelihood Bootstrap values / Bayesian Posterior Probabilities. Scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site. Species in the Oriental fruit fly complex are outlined in red.
Figure 13 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 13 - Variation in color pattern of scutum in Bactrocera thailandica Drew and Romig (712 specimens and 56 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms3587 B ms3588 C ms3586 D ms3525 E ms1952 F ms3576 G ms3586 H ms3736 I ms3585 J ms3539 K ms3581 L ms3538 M ms3695 N ms3582 O ms1949.
Figure 12 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 12 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera propinqua (Hardy and Adachi) (49 specimens examined and 24 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms4324 B ms4331 C ms4322 D ms3568 E ms3571 F ms3833 G ms3572 H ms3567 I ms2041 J ms1170 K ms4331 L ms3765 M ms3757 N ms3572 O ms3566.
Figure 15 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 15 - Scutum, abdomen and wing costal region of: A–C Bactrocera species 54 (ms1798 (wing, scutum), ms3777 (abdomen); 7 specimens examined and sequenced) D–F Bactrocera species 55 (ms3575; 7 specimens examined and sequenced) G–I Bactrocera species 59 (ms1164; 1 specimen examined and sequenced) J–L Bactrocera species 60 (ms3730; 3 specimens examined and sequenced).
Figure 10 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 10 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera osbeckiae Drew and Romig (100 specimens examined and 39 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms1161 B ms3559 C ms3558 D ms3553 E ms3555 F ms3561 G ms1163 H ms3785 I ms3764 J ms3768 K ms1153 L ms3758 M ms3554 N ms1180 O ms1138 P ms3555 Q ms3784 R ms3560 S ms1154 T ms3768.
Figure 11 from: Leblanc L, San Jose M, Barr N, Rubinoff D (2015) A phylogenetic assessment of the polyphyletic nature and intraspecific color polymorphism in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 339-367. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9786
Figure 11 - Variation in color pattern of scutum and abdomen in Bactrocera paraarecae Drew and Romig (10 specimens examined and 5 sequenced). Voucher codes are: A ms1295 B ms1296 C ms2040 D ms1294 E ms1110.
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