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FIGURE 1 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 1. Map showing the distribution of the six species of the margarethae group. Three populations of Upeneus margarethae are indicated by different symbols. Numbers indicate multiple sampling localities.

FIGURE 9. Upeneus heterospinus n in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 9. Upeneus heterospinus n sp.; (A) HT, VNMN-I 2015, 91 mm SL, N of Hon Tre Island, Nha Trang, South-central Vietnam (D.A. Pavlov); (B) PT, VNMN-I 2026, 100 mm SL, same locality; (C) VNMN-I 2019, 56 mm SL, subadult (D.A. Pavlov) (D) VNMN-I 2038, 108 mm SL, Van Don, Ha Long Bay, N Vietnam (D.A. Pavlov & F. Uiblein); (E) CSIRO H 7364-02, 127 mm SL, Tanjung Luar, Lombok, Indonesia (W.T. White), (F) CSIRO H 8409-02, 65 mm SL, same locality (W.T. White)

FIGURE 12 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 12. Three morphometric characters against SL and pelvic-fin length against barbel length in adults of Upeneus heterospinus n. sp., U. mouthami and U. spottocaudalis. For Upeneus heterospinus n. sp., the three populations and additional specimens from other areas are indicated by different symbols. The distinction among U. heterospinus n. sp. and the two other species is indicated by dotted, continuous, and dashed outlines, respectively. The data for the specimen from S Japan identified here as U. heterospinus n. sp. were taken from Bandai et al. (2018). The data for U. spottocaudalis are from Uiblein et al. (2017).

FIGURE 6 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 6. Two morphometric characters against SL and each other and second dorsal-fin height against total number of gill rakers in adults of two margarethae-group species. For Upeneus margarethae, the three populations are indicated by different symbols. The distinction between U. caudofasciatus n. sp. and the EIO/N Australian population of U. margarethae is indicated by dashed and dotted outlines, respectively.

FIGURE 3 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 3. Upeneus margarethae photographed in situ in Mozambique, WIO; (A) subadult or small adult, Pemba Bay, N Mozambique, near Pemba harbour (R. Koch); (B) at right: subadult or small adult, with subadult U. heemstra (at left), Pomene, South-central Mozambique (M. & V. Fraser); (C) adult, resting on bottom, Lunene Island, off Vilanculos, South-central Mozambique (A. Lund).

FIGURE 2 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 2. (A–F) Upeneus margarethae; (A) HT, SAIAB 82217, 82 mm SL, WIO, Mozambique, off Beira (O. Alvheim); (B) SMF 35030, 90 mm SL, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, off Jizan, (S.V. Bogorodsky); (C) 86 mm SL, Tuticorin, S India (K.K. Bineesh); (D) SAIAB 203480, 95 mm SL, EIO, Myanmar, NW od Basuhino Island (P. Psomadakis; side-reversed image); (E) CSIRO CA 3052, 98 mm SL, EIO, NW Australia, off Port Hedland (CSIRO staff); (F) subadult, 47 mm SL, EIO, Thailand, Kampuan Mangrove forest, Suksamran, Ranong (S. Ratmuangkhwang); (G, H) U. randalli: (G) HT, BPBM 33180, 101 mm SL, Arabian/ Persian Gulf, off S Kuwait, (J.E. Randall); (H) BPBM29498, 60 mm SL, Bahrain (J.E. Randall).

FIGURE 5 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 5. Four morphometric characters in adults of three Upeneus species of the margarethae group against SL and each other. For Upeneus margarethae, the three populations are indicated by different symbols.

FIGURE 11 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 11. Three selected morphological characters against SL in Upeneus heterospinus n. sp. The 65 mm demarcation for subadults and adults is indicated by a dotted black dash. The three populations and specimens from other areas are indicated by different symbols.

FIGURE 8 in Three new goatfishes of the genus Upeneus (Mullidae) from the Indo-Pacific, with a redescription of colour patterns in U. margarethae

FIGURE 8. Three selected morphological characters against SL in Upeneus caudofasciatus n. sp. The 65 mm demarcation for subadults and adults is indicated by a dotted black dash.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in Ontogeny of an arlequin: morphological and colour pattern changes from juvenile to adult in Gnathophyllum elegans (Risso, 1816) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), traced through citizen science and social media data mining

FIGURE 1. Morphological and colour pattern changes from juvenile to adult in Gnathophyllum elegans (Risso, 1816). A–C. Specimens from Capo Noli (Italy, Mediterranean Sea) (~44.199232N, 8.420455E), 15–16 m, on anthropogenic debris laying on a detritic bottom, 5–13.IX.2020. A. Photo by Walter Bassi. B–C. Photos by Alessandro Raho. D. Specimen from La Laja beach, Gran Canaria (Spain, Atlantic Ocean) (~28.060335N, -15.418428E), 1 m, amidst algae in a tide pool, 29.VIII.2017. Photo by Alberto Navarro. E. Specimen from Bat Galim reef, Haifa (Israel, Mediterranean Sea) (~32.833317N, 34.97431E), 2 m, under a rock on a rocky bottom, ~2017. Photo by Sarah Ohayon. F. Specimen from Capo Caccia, Sardinia (Italy, Mediterranean Sea) (~40.565506N, 8.165579E), 5 m, detritic bottom with rocks, 28.VIII.2015. Photo by Marco Colombo.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

What's in a band? The function of the colour and banding pattern of the Banded Swallowtail

Butterflies have evolved a diversity of colour patterns, but the ecological functions for most of these patterns are still poorly understood. The Banded Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio demolion demolion, is a mostly black butterfly with a greenish-blue band that traverses the wings. The function of this wing pattern remains unknown. Here, we examined the morphology of black and green-blue coloured scales, and how the colour and banding pattern affects predation risk in the wild. The protective benefits of the transversal band and of its green-blue colour were tested via the use of paper model replicas of the Banded Swallowtail with variations in band shape and band colour in a full factorial design. A variant model where the continuous transversal green-blue band was shifted and made discontinuous tested the protective benefit of the transversal band, while greyscale variants of the wildtype and distorted band models assessed the protective benefit of the green-blue colour. Paper models of the variants and the wildtype were placed simultaneously in the field with live baits. Wildtype models were the least preyed upon compared to all other variants, while grey models with distorted bands suffered the greatest predation. The colour and the continuous band of the Banded Swallowtail hence confer antipredator qualities. We propose that the shape of the band hinders detection of the butterfly's true shape through coincident disruptive coloration; while the green colour of the band prevents detection of the butterfly from its background via differential blending. Differential blending is aided by the green-blue colour being due to pigments rather than via structural colouration. Both green and black scales have identical structures, and the scales follow the Bauplan of pigmented scales documented in other Papilio butterflies.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: The functional significance of complex floral colour pattern in a food-deceptive orchid

Many non-rewarding orchid species mimic the signals of co-occurring food flowers and thereby attract food-seeking animal pollinators. These signals are often visually complex with a colour pattern that contrasts between outer and central parts. The significance of this colour complexity for the pollination success of flowers of deceptive orchids has scarcely been investigated. We tested the effects of the colour patterns of the food-deceptive orchid Paphiopedilum micranthum on bumblebee visitation choices and pollination success using behavioural experiments in a community context. Using comparative phylogenetic analysis and a bee vision model, we also compared the colour patterns of P. micranthum with those of its congeners and sympatric food flowers. The probability of both long-range approach and close-up choice by bumblebees to orchids was all enhanced in communities with food flowers similar in colour pattern to the orchid. Probability of long-range approach and close-up choice was negatively correlated with colour distance between orchid and food flowers in floral outer and centre, respectively. Flowers of P. micranthum that were manipulated to reduce visual complexity had reduced male and female pollination success. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the outer floral colour of P. micranthum is apomorphic and thus likely represents an evolutionary innovation, whereas the central colour is plesiomorphic and thus likely to function in the bumblebee pollination system as an exaptation. The contrast between the inner and outer colours appears to exploit visual preferences of bumblebees acquired during foraging on local food plants with similar colour patterns. This study highlights the adaptive significance of colour patterns in successful food deception and the importance of complex signals in facilitating interspecific interactions.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: A framework for analysing colour pattern geometry: adjacent colours

The analysis of colour pattern geometry is not as well advanced as the analysis of colour, although this reflects a lack of an analytical framework. The present study proposes an approach based on a consideration of which colours are adjacent to each other. Both vertebrate and invertebrate eyes do not take static images of the world but move across the field of view. As a consequence, the eye takes transects across the field of view responding to the colours and luminances within patches and to the colour and/or luminance transitions between patches. The framework and methods suggested here are based upon transects across colour patterns and make it possible to estimate colour pattern parameters that capture not only the relative areas of each patch class, but also the relative frequencies of colour/luminance transitions or adjacency. This allows tests of new hypotheses about colour patterns at the same time as including colour, pattern, and texture. Eleven groups of predictions are made with respect to the often conflicting needs of communication with conspecifics, avoiding predation, and finding food. New phenomena may be discovered as a result of these methods and predictions. For example, certain colour transitions may be used for species recognition even though the same colours are used by all species.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Data on expert assessments of colour pattern variation in Erebidae and Noctuidae moths in Sweden

Besides variation among animal species in ground colour and in the number, size, shape, and distribution of pattern elements, there is also considerable intraspecific variation in colour patterns that can manifest both between populations inhabiting different environments, and among individuals within populations. In previous investigations into the consequences of inter-individual variation in colour patterns in moths we have relied on a discrete classification with three categories: non-variable; variable; or highly variable colour patterns, as jointly assessed by Per-Eric Betzholtz and Markus Franzén (e.g., Forsman et al. 2015, 2016, Franzén et al. 2019). Here we provide the raw data from the anonymized assessments of colour pattern variation of 489 species of Erebidae and Noctuidae moths in Sweden performed by twelve lepidopterologists with extensive experience and expertise of the moth fauna in Sweden. In addition, the raw data (on a discrete scale) provided by the experts is used to generate a continuously distributed measure of the intra-specific colour pattern variation in moths. Despite variation among the independent scorers in their assessments of the average level of forewing colour pattern variation, there were statistically significant consistent differences in average colour pattern variation among the different species of moths (for details see Supporting Information I in Betzholtz et al. 2019). References Betzholtz, P.-E., A. Forsman, and M. Franzén. 2019. Inter-individual variation in colour patterns in noctuid moths characterizes long-distance dispersers and agricultural pests. Journal of Applied Entomology 143: 992-999. Forsman, A., P. E. Betzholtz, and M. Franzén. 2015. Variable coloration is associated with dampened population fluctuations in noctuid moths. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282: 20142922. Forsman, A., P. E. Betzholtz, and M. Franzén. 2016. Faster poleward range shifts in moths with more variable colour patterns. Scientific Reports 6: 36265. Franzén, M., P. E. Betzholtz, and A. Forsman. 2019. Variable color patterns influence continental range size and species-area relationships on islands. Ecosphere 10: e02577.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: AFLP genome scans suggest divergent selection on colour patterning in allopatric colour morphs of a cichlid fish

Genome scan-based tests for selection are directly applicable to natural populations to study the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms behind phenotypic differentiation. We conducted AFLP genome scans in three distinct geographic colour morphs of the cichlid fish Tropheus moorii to assess whether the extant, allopatric colour pattern differentiation can be explained by drift and to identify markers mapping to genomic regions possibly involved in colour patterning. The tested morphs occupy adjacent shore sections in southern Lake Tanganyika and are separated from each other by major habitat barriers. The genome scans revealed significant genetic structure between morphs, but a very low proportion of loci fixed for alternative AFLP alleles in different morphs. This high level of polymorphism within morphs suggested that colour pattern differentiation did not result exclusively from neutral processes. Outlier detection methods identified six loci with excess differentiation in the comparison between a bluish and a yellow-blotch morph and five different outlier loci in comparisons of each of these morphs with a red morph. As population expansions and the genetic structure of Tropheus make the outlier approach prone to false-positive signals of selection, we examined the correlation between outlier locus alleles and colour phenotypes in a genetic and phenotypic cline between two morphs. Distributions of allele frequencies at one outlier locus were indeed consistent with linkage to a colour locus. Despite the challenges posed by population structure and demography, our results encourage the cautious application of genome scans to studies of divergent selection in subdivided and recently expanded populations.

opennotspecifiedDec 2008View details →

FIGURE 14. Life habitus and colour patterns. Synalpheus duffyi n in A preliminary revision of the Synalpheus paraneptunus Coutière, 1909 species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

FIGURE 14. Life habitus and colour patterns. Synalpheus duffyi n. sp., Isla Grande, Panama [A, B]: A, larger queen and two smaller non-breeding colony members from the same colony, dorsal view; B, queen with embryos, lateral view. Synalpheus brevidactylus n. sp., Isla Grande, Panama [C, D]: C, breeding female and male (mated pair), dorsal view; D, breeding female, lateral view. Synalpheus bocas n. sp., Bocas del Toro, Panama [E–H]: E, male, dorsal view; F, breeding female; G, H, another breeding female, lateral and dorsal views on different backgrounds. Synalpheus belizensis n. sp., Carrie Bow Cay, Belize [I]: I, breeding female, dorsal view. Scale bars: ~2 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2015View details →

FIGURE 7. Aponuphis spp. photomicrographs showing its characteristic colour patterns. A, A. bilineata morph 1 in Onuphis and Aponuphis (Annelida: Onuphidae) from southwestern Europe, with the description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Aponuphis spp. photomicrographs showing its characteristic colour patterns. A, A. bilineata morph 1 (typical); B. A. bilineata morph 2; C, A. brementi; D–E, A. ornata; G, recently settled juvenile of A. ornata; H, brooding juvenile of A. ornata.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

FIGURE 7. Periclimenaeus rastrifer Bruce, 1980, colour patterns. A ovigerous female NMMBCD5623. B ovigerous female NMMBCD5624 in Redescription and new record of the spongobiotic shrimp Periclimenaeus rastrifer Bruce, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Taiwan

FIGURE 7. Periclimenaeus rastrifer Bruce, 1980, colour patterns. A ovigerous female NMMBCD5623. B ovigerous female NMMBCD5624 on host sponge. [Photos, CWL]

opennotspecifiedMar 2022View details →

Figure 4 in Another case of colour pattern polymorphism in Earth Snakes of the genus Geophis (Dipsadidae) from southern Mexico

Figure 4. Geographic distribution of the species of the Geophis sieboldi group in the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. Closed squares = G. cf. sieboldi; open squares = G. sallaei; closed triangles = G. petersii; open triangles = G. occabus; open circles = G. russatus; closed circles = G. laticollaris.