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Fig. 3 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts

Fig. 3. Grasping apparatuses of the conodont Panderodus and fossil and extant chaetognaths. A. Partly deformed apparatus of the Silurian conodont Panderodus unicostatus Branson and Mehl, 1933, Ukraine, Podolia; ZPAL C.15/1 (same as Dzik and Drygant 1986: fig. 1, new photograph). B. Apparatus of the fossil chaetognath Phakelodus tenuis (Müller, 1959), subsurface Upper Cambrian of northern Poland; ZPAL C.4/6.2 (same as Szaniawski 1982: fig. 1, new photograph). C. Left half of the grasping spine apparatus of the extant chaetognath Sagitta sp., North Sea; ZPAL C.4/1.1. D. Head of the extant chaetognath Sagitta sp. with grasping spine apparatus in acting position, North Sea; ZPAL C.4/619.

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Fig. 1 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts

Fig. 1. Elements of venomous conodonts. A. Panderodus sulcatus (Fåhraeus, 1966), Middle Ordovician, borehole Deniski, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/150.1. B. Panderodus greenlandensis Armstrong, 1990, Early Silurian, Jädivere, Estonia; ZPAL C.19/145.2. C, D. Protopanderodus calceatus Bagnoli and Stouge, 1997, Middle Ordovician, borehole Pieszkowo, north−eastern Poland. C. Whole element; ZPAL C.19/156.3. D. A fragment showing cross section; ZPAL C.19/159.19. E. Panderodus sp., Middle Ordovician, borehole Stadniki, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/159.12. F. Dapsilodus mutatus (Branson and Mehl, 1933), Late Ordovician, borehole Stadniki, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/159.4. G. Decoriconus fragilis (Branson and Mehl, 1933), Middle Silurian, borehole Gołdap, northern Poland; ZPAL C.19/160.12. H. Parapanderodus sp., Early Silurian, Podolia, Ukraine; ZPAL C.15/1. I. Panderodus sp. Middle Silurian, borehole Gołdap, northern Poland; ZPAL C.19/149.2, whole element (I1), distal part of the specimen showing wear of the tip (I2). J. Panderodus greenlandensis, Early Silurian, Jädivere, Estonia; ZPAL C.19/145.1, whole specimen (J1), distal part of the same specimen showing wear of the tip (J2), a fragment of the specimen showing thin longitudinal ridges parallel to the groove and sharp edges delimiting the grooved surface (J3), basal part of the specimen showing coarse ridges (J4).

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Fig. 2 in The earliest known venomous animals recognized among conodonts

Fig. 2. Cross sections of the elements of Panderodus. A. Panderodus greenlandensis Armstrong, 1990, Early Silurian, Jädivere, Estonia; ZPAL C.19/137.1. Basal part (A1) and above the basal part (A2). B. Distal part of Panderodus sp., Middle Ordovician, borehole Deniski, eastern Poland; ZPAL C.19/19.5. Abbreviations: bb, basal body; bc, basal cavity; cr, crown; gr, groove.

Fig. 3. Descriptive terminology used for the P1 in Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius

Fig. 3. Descriptive terminology used for the P1 elements of Pseudofurnishius murcianus Van den Boogaard, 1966 (specimen illustrated also in Fig. 5B).

Fig. 2. P1 in Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius

Fig. 2. P1 element of the Triassic gondolellid conodonts. A. Pseudofurnishius shagami (Benjamini and Chepstow-Lusty, 1986), holotype, BGU-YF 75/1. YF-75; Saharomin Formation, Har Gevanim, Makhtesh Ramon, late Ilyrian (from Benjamini and Chepstow-Lusty 1986). B. Pseudofurnishius priscus Sadeddin, 1990, holotype, DGES WII/9/90, TJ 17; Mukheiris Formation, Wadi Siyala, Jalda area, Pelsonian (from Sadeddin 1990). C. Pseudofurnishius siyalaensis Sadeddin and Kozur, 1992, holotype, DGES S3/1/88, TJ 17; Mukheiris Formation, Wadi Siyala, Jalda area, Pelsonian (from Sadeddin and Kozur 1992). D. Pseudofurnishius murcianus Van den Boogaard, 1966, MGUV-19891; Cañete Formation, Libros, Iberian Range, Longobardian. E. Pseudofurnishius sosioensis Gullo and Kozur, 1989, holotype, DGG CK/VIII-2, sample 638; Lercara Formation, Torrente San Calogero, Sosio Valley, Longobardian (from Gullo and Kozur 1989).

Fig. 1 in Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic distribution of Pseudofurnishius occurrences ranging from the Pelsonian to Early Carnian. Pseudofurnishius murcianus occurs in all localities; P. priscus, P. shagami, and P. siyalaensis occur in Israel and Jordan; P. sosioensis occurs in Sicily and South China. Modified from Plasencia (2009).

Fig. 8 in Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius

Fig. 8. Evolutionary scenarios for the genus Pseudofurnishius after Sadeddin and Kozur (1992) (A) and present study (B).

Fig. 6 in Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius

Fig. 6. Morphological variability of gondolellid conodont Pseudofurnishius murcianus Van den Boogaard, 1966 in a single population, sample Bu-1-26, Bugarra, Iberian Range, Spain. A. Number of the denticles on the blade. B. Ratio between rostral platform length and element length. C. Ratio between caudal platform length and element length. D. Ratio between elements having: rostral platform and no caudal denticles, rostral platform and isolated caudal denticles, both rostral and caudal platforms.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy and evolution of the Triassic conodont Pseudofurnishius

Fig. 4. Comparison of the basal cavities of gondolellid conodonts Pseudofurnishius shagami (Benjamini and Chepstow-Lusty, 1986), Har Gevanim, Saharonim Formation, Negev, Israel, Anisian–Ladinian (A) and Pseudofurnishius murcianus Van den Boogaard, 1966, Arroyo Hurtado, Murcia, Spain, Ladinian (B).

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Fig. 2 in A new early Silurian prioniodontid conodont with three P elements from Iran and associated species

Fig. 2. Distribution of conodonts in strata exposed on Hill B, for details see Männik et al. (2013). Arrows below and above the log indicate that the section continues in both directions. Samples: location and number of sample (total number of specimens in a sample), only productive samples are indicated. Taxa in bold are described in this paper, arrow at the upper end of distribution line of Oulodus spp. indicates that this taxon also occurs in higher strata. Conodont zones modified from Cramer et al. (2011), grey boxes indicate zones which were recognised in the studied section. Abbreviations: a., amorphognathoides; R., Rhuddanian.

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Fig. 1. A in A new early Silurian prioniodontid conodont with three P elements from Iran and associated species

Fig. 1. A. Location of the study area in East Central Iran (asterisk). B. Studied area in the Derenjal Mountains (open frame indicates location of studied sections).

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Fig. 1 in Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the Western Tethys and position of the Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy) for the Carnian (Late Triassic), modified after Stampfli and Kozur (2006). White, landmass; dark grey, basins; light grey, rift zones; hazel grey, continent margins.

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Fig. 2 in Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite

Fig. 2. Oxygen isotope curves of conodont apatite from the Sasso di Castalda and Pignola 2 sections, Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy). Dark gray and light gray contours give, respectively, analytical reproducibility of 1 Ơ and 2 Ơ for δ18O. Radiometric age of 230.91 ± 0.33 Mya from Furin et al. (2006, 2007). Time scale after Brack et al. (2005).

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Fig. 2 in A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations

Fig. 2. SEM photographs of gondolellid conodonts. A. Holotype of Paragondolella noah (Hayashi, 1968). B. Holotype of Metapolygnathus communisti Hayashi, 1968 from the original plates of Hayashi (1968: 79, pl. 3). Both specimens are from chert at the base of the Adoyama Formation within a mixed Middle–Upper Triassic fauna (Ashio Mountains, Central Japan). C–J. Metapolygnathus praecommunisti sp. nov. from the Upper Triassic of "Calcari con Selce", Pizzo Mondello section (Sicani Mountains, Sicily). C. Holotype (sample NA12). D, E. Asymmetric morphotypes, samples NA14 and NA18 respectively. F, G. Rounded morphotypes, samples PM11A and NA19 respectively. H, I. More advanced forms with short platform (sample NA19). J. Advanced form, NA19 (from Mazza et al. 2010).

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Fig. 4. A in A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations

Fig. 4. A schematic figure illustrating the evolution of Paragondolella noah (Hayashi, 1968) into its descendant species. The main evolutionary trends from P. noah to the last representative of the lineage, Metapolygnathus parvus Kozur, 1972, are observable: the gradual shortening of the platform, the forward shifting of the pit, the posterior lengthening of the keel termination and the development of nodes at the geniculation point. In M. parvus the nodes disappear for the extreme reduction of the platform. A, B. Metapolygnathus parvus Kozur, 1972 (sample NA37, Lower Norian, PMs). C, D. Metapolygnathus communisti Hayashi, 1968 (samples NA39 and PM27 respectively, Lower Norian, PMs). Metapolygnathus praecommunisti sp. nov. from the Upper Carnian of the PMs and P2s: E, F. Very advanced specimens (samples NA22 and NA19 respectively, PMs). G, H. Intermediate specimens (samples NA12 and NA14 respectively, PMs). I, J. Primitive specimens (sample P25 of P2s and sample NA8 of PMs respectively). K, L. Paragondolella noah (sample NA2 of PMs and sample P21 of P2s respectively). Abbreviations: PMs, Pizzo Mondello section; P2s, Pignola 2 section.

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Fig. 3 in A new Metapolygnathus platform conodont species and its implications for Upper Carnian global correlations

Fig. 3. SEM photographs of gondolellid conodonts Metapolygnathus praecommunisti sp. nov. from the Calcari con Selce of the Pizzo Mondello section (Sicani Mountains, Sicily) (A, C, D, F–H) and from the Upper Triassic of Calcari con Selce of the Pignola 2 section (southern Apennines, Basilicata) (B, E). A–C. Primitive forms, closer to Paragondolella noah (Hayashi, 1968), samples NA8, P25 and FNP53 respectively. D, E. Late juvenile growth stage, samples NA15A and P34 respectively. F. Advanced form, sample PM11A. G, H. Extremely mature stages, samples NA11 and PM11A.

Fig. 8 in Lanea carlsi conodont apparatus reconstruction and its significance for subdivision of the Lochkovian

Fig. 8. SEM photographs of M elements of spathognathodontid conodont Lanea carlsi (Boersma, 1973). A. NM L40538, incomplete element, inner lateral view (A1) detail of broken cusp (A2). B. NM L40539, inner lateral view (B1), detail of basal area with ridge (B2). All figured specimens are from sample 4Po22.

Fig. 6 in Lanea carlsi conodont apparatus reconstruction and its significance for subdivision of the Lochkovian

Fig. 6. SEM photographs of Sb elements of spathognathodontid conodont Lanea carlsi (Boersma, 1973). A. NM L40542, detail of cusp in cross section (A1), detail of basal cavity (A2), inner lateral view (A3). B. NM L40543, outer lateral view (B1), detail of basal area (B2). All figured specimens are from sample 4Po22.

Fig. 7 in Lanea carlsi conodont apparatus reconstruction and its significance for subdivision of the Lochkovian

Fig. 7. SEM photographs of Sc elements of spathognathodontid conodont Lanea carlsi (Boersma, 1973). A. NM L40544, inner lateral view (A1), detail of basal cavity (A2). B. NM L40545, outer lateral view (B1), detail of cusp area (B2). All figured specimens are from sample 4Po22.

Fig. 4 in Lanea carlsi conodont apparatus reconstruction and its significance for subdivision of the Lochkovian

Fig. 4. SEM photographs of Pb elements of spathognathodontid conodont Lanea carlsi (Boersma, 1973). A. NM L40535, incomplete element, inner lateral view (A1), detail of the basal area (A2). B. NM L40536, adult element, outer lateral view (B1), detail of denticles on posterior blade (B2). C. NM L40537, detail of denticulation on posterior blade (C1), outer lateral view (C2). All figured specimens are from sample 4Po22.