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1,047 results for “constraint”
Fig. 1. Static and dynamic osteogenesis. A in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 1. Static and dynamic osteogenesis. A. Static osteogenesis by static osteoblasts proliferating in situ from mesenchymal tissue. The random orientation of the osteoblasts creates a random local fibre orientation of the produced matrix. B. Static osteoblasts turn into static osteocytes as they become entrapped in the mineralizing woven bone matrix. C. Dynamic osteoblasts arrange themselves on the woven bone and start producing highly organized primary bone, occasionally trapping a dynamic osteoblast, which will then become a dynamic osteocyte. D. Static and dynamic osteocyte lacunae in a longitudinal section of a humerus of the titanosaur Alamosaurus. A–C modified from Marotti (2010), D modified from Stein and Prondvai (2014).
Fig. 1 in Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite
Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the Western Tethys and position of the Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy) for the Carnian (Late Triassic), modified after Stampfli and Kozur (2006). White, landmass; dark grey, basins; light grey, rift zones; hazel grey, continent margins.
Fig. 2 in Palaeoecology of Late Triassic conodonts: Constraints from oxygen isotopes in biogenic apatite
Fig. 2. Oxygen isotope curves of conodont apatite from the Sasso di Castalda and Pignola 2 sections, Lagonegro Basin (Southern Apennines, Italy). Dark gray and light gray contours give, respectively, analytical reproducibility of 1 Ơ and 2 Ơ for δ18O. Radiometric age of 230.91 ± 0.33 Mya from Furin et al. (2006, 2007). Time scale after Brack et al. (2005).
Fig. 1 in Environmental constraints structuring fish assemblages in riffles: evidences from a tropical stream
Fig. 1. Biplot of the Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the reduced environmental model with species abundance (a) and trophic composition (b) as response variable. The first two axes of the RDA explained 92.4% of the speciesenvironment relationship and 98.1% of the trait-environment relationship. Species: Aspsp - Aspidoras sp.; Cetihe - Cetopsorhamdia cf. iheringi; Impsch - Imparfinis schubarti; Phesp - Phenacorhamdia sp.; Hypsp - Hypostomus sp.; Harpun - Harttia punctata; Apamac - Apareiodon machrisi; Chazeb - Characidium zebra; Crebri - Creagrutus britskii; Knocha - Knodus cf. chapadae.
Resources for "BMF CP 88: Coastal diversity seekers, visit constraints, and duration of daily and stay visits"
<p><span>The current study is conducted to examine the following research questions:</span></p> <ul> <li><span>What are the differences in the duration of daily and stay visits between people visiting only one coast and those visiting more than one?</span></li> <li><span>How are coastal visit constraints associated with the duration of daily and stay visits?</span></li> </ul>
Surface wave tomography with transfer learning and Moho constraints: Method and application to China mainland
<p>The content of this study is the inversion of surface waves based on deep learning. The dataset includes the trained deep learning model, dispersion data, synthetic data test results, real data application results, error analysis, and more detailes.</p>
The genome of a nonphotosynthetic diatom provides insights into the metabolic shift to heterotrophy and constraints on the loss of photosynthesis
<p>Data associated with: Onyshchenko et al. 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17673">The genome of a nonphotosynthetic diatom provides insights into the metabolic shift to heterotrophy and constraints on the loss of photosynthesis</a>. New Phytologist.</p> <p>Contents include:</p> <ul> <li><em>Nitzschia</em> Nitz4 genome sequence and annotation</li> <li>OrthoFinder inputs and outputs</li> <li>CAFE inputs and outputs</li> <li>Transcriptome assemblies</li> <li>Variant calling results</li> </ul> <p>Use the command `tar -zxvf nitzschia.tgz` to unpack the archive.</p>
Figure 1 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 1. Platyallabes tihoni (197 mm SL) (MRAC 77-22-P-3127). (a) Dorsal view; (b) lateral view of the head; (c) dorsal view of the head; (d) ventral view of head. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photographs: S. Devaere.
Figure 6 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 6. Ventral view of head musculature of Platyallabes tihoni (135 mm SL) (MRAC 125345–349). (a) Skin removed; (b) ventral part the hyoid protractor removed; (c) dorsal part of hyoid protractor, intermandibular and hyohyoideus inferior removed; (d) hyohyoideus abductor and the hyohyoidei adductores removed. Scale bar: 2 mm. Dotted areas represent cartilage.
Figure 5 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 5. Head musculature of Platyallabes tihoni (135 mm SL) (MRAC 125345–349). (a) Dorsal view, skin, left infraorbital series removed; (b) lateral view, skin and infraorbital series removed; (c) dorsolateral view, skin, eyes and infraorbital series removed and A2A39-part folded back; (d) dorsolateral view, jaw muscles, levator arcus palatini and dilatator operculi removed; (e) laterodorsal view, retractor tentaculi removed; (f) dorsolateral view, extensor tentaculi, adductor operculi and levator operculi removed. Scale bars: 2 mm. Dotted areas represent cartilage.
Figure 2 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 2. Dorsal view of skull of Platyallabes tihoni (156 mm SL) (MRAC 125345–349), left series of infraorbital and suprapreopercular bones removed. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Figure 9. Schematic 3D in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 9. Schematic 3D reconstruction of the lower jaw-suspensorium articulation area. (a) Overview of the lower jaw, suspensorium and part of skull at level of articulation with suspensorium. Solid lower jaw indicates closed mouth, transparent lower jaw indicates open mouth. Black arrow shows displacement of lower jaw according to the black axis indicated at the jaw articulation. The grey arrows indicate the movements of the lower jaw halves if they were rotated along the grey axis at the articulation. (b) Detail from a postero-ventral view of the lower jaw articulation, showing the two rotation axis: black rod represents the axis which allows a proper mouth opening, grey rod represents the axis of rotation which has shifted together with the suspensorium. Rotation along the black axis results in the medial position of the retroarticular process; with respect to the suspensorium (transparent lower jaw indicates the closed mouth, solid lower jaw the open mouth).
Figure 8 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 8. (a) Pelvic girdle; (b) caudal skeleton of Platyallabes tihoni (156 mm SL) (MRAC 125345–349).
Figure 7 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 7. Radiography of Platyallabes tihoni (329 mm SL) (MRAC 138698–699). Arrows indicate large foramen at the bases of the parapophyses of the precaudal vertebrae. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 3 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 3. (a) Ventral view of skull of Platyallabes tihoni (156 mm SL) (MRAC 125345–349); (b) ventral view of the neurocranium. Scale bars: 2 mm. Dotted areas represent cartilage.
Figure 4 in Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944)
Figure 4. Lateral (below) and medial views of lower jaw, suspensorium and the opercle of Platyallabes tihoni (156 mm SL) (MRAC 125345–349). Scale bar: 2 mm. Dotted areas represent cartilage.
Figure 3 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 3. Relationship between egg weight and female body weight in extant birds. (A) Graph to discriminate between altricial [n = 96; filled circles; r2 = 0.906, p <0.001; egg mass = –0.659394 + 0.7889097.bodymass], and precocial [n = 113; open circles] (including super precocial [n = 29; grey triangles]; r2 = 0.801, p <0.001; egg mass = –0.164615 + 0.6451872.bodymass) taxa. Both of these results have significantly higher r2 values than those found for 100 bootstrap replicates that paired body and egg mass at random. (B) Bar chart showing that the three broad developmental modes seen in Neornithes are characterized by significantly different egg/female body mass relationships. Discrimination among all three groups is borne out by averaged data (Kruskal-Wallis test, p <0.005). Abbreviations: A, altricial; P, Precocial; SP, super precocial.
Figure 2 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships amongst modern birds (Neornithes) showing altricial
Figure 4 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 4. Relationship between femur length (approximates body mass) and egg mass in extant and fossil birds (n = 117; r2 = 0.758, p <0.001). These data show that both Confuciusornis (cartoon, open circle) and the similarly-sized Buttonquail (Turnix) (grey triangle) lay relatively small eggs compared to their body size (Appendix).
The nebular spectra of SN 2012aw and constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis from oxygen emission lines
<p>Spectral models of M_ZAMS = 12, 15, 19, 25 Msun progenitors, all epochs.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.