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367 results for “crinoid”
A Hirnantian holdover from the late Ordovician mass extinction: phylogeny and biogeography of a new Anthracocrinid crinoid from Estonia
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Data from: New taxa and revised stratigraphic distribution of the crinoid fauna from Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada (Late Ordovician-Early Silurian)
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Dispersals from the West Tethys as the source of the Indo-West Pacific diversity hotspot in comatulid crinoids
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Data from: Fullerene-like structures of Cretaceous crinoids reveal topologically limited skeletal possibilities
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Goryeocrinus pentagrammos n. gen. n. sp. (Rhodocrinitidae; Diplobathrida), the first record of camerate crinoid from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) of South Korea (East Gondwana)
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Phylogenetic position and stratigraphic uncertainty of a new flexible crinoid from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary of Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada)
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Data from: The nervous and circulatory systems of a Cretaceous crinoid: preservation, paleobiology, and evolutionary significance
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FIGURE 1 in Notes on some crinoid associated decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Lakshadweep Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean
FIGURE 1. Map showing the study area: Lakshadweep archipelago. Red dots indicate different sampling area and the adjacent Islands. Alphabets in parenthesis indicate corresponding species collected. a, f, k. Synalpheus stimpsonii (de Man, 1888); b, c, m, n. Synalpheus carinatus (de Man, 1888); d, e, g–j, l. Synalpheus comatularum (Haswell, 1882); o. Pontoniopsis comanthi Borradaile, 1915; p. Palaemonella pottsi (Borradaile, 1915); q. Permanotus purpureus (Gordon, 1934); r, s. Allogalathea elegans (Adams & White, 1848).
FIGURE 2 in Notes on some crinoid associated decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Lakshadweep Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean
FIGURE 2. Host crinoids of crustacean decapods collected from the Lakshadweep group of Islands. a. Comaster multifidus (Müller, 1841); b–c. Phanogenia gracilis (Hartlaub, 1893); d. Phanogenia distincta (Carpenter, 1888); e. Phanogenia gracilis (Hartlaub, 1893); f. Stephanometra indica (Smith, 1876); g. Phanogenia multibrachiata (Carpenter, 1888); h. Phanogenia gracilis (Hartlaub, 1893); i. Stephanometra tenuipinna (Hartlaub, 1890).
Data from: Kalana Lagerstatte crinoids: early Silurian (Llandovery) of central Estonia
The Kalana Lagerstätte of early Aeronian (Llandovery, Silurian) age in central Estonia preserves a diverse shallow marine biota dominated by non-calcified algae. This soft-tissue flora and decalcified and calcified crinoids are preserved in situ, in a lens of microlaminated, dolomitized micrite interbedded in a sequence of dolomitized packstones and wackestones. Although the Lagerstätte is dominated by non-calcified algae, crinoids (together with brachiopods and gastropods) are among the most common organisms that were originally comprised of a carbonate skeleton. Two new crinoids are described from this unit, Kalanacrinus mastikae (large camerate) and Tartucrinus kalanaensis (small disparid). Interestingly, these two crinoids display contrasting preservation with the more common large camerate preserved primarily as a decalcified organic residue, whereas the smaller disparid is preserved primarily in calcite. Preservation was assessed using elemental mapping of C, Ca, S, and Si. Columns have the highest portion of Ca, once living soft tissue is indicated by C, S was dispersed as pyrite or associated with organics, and Si is probably associated with clay minerals in the matrix. This new fauna increases our understanding of the crinoid radiation on Baltica following Late Ordovician extinctions.
Data from: Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny
Identifying correlates of extinction risk is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms driving differential rates of extinction and variability in the temporal durations of taxa. Increasingly, it is recognized that the effects of multiple, potentially interacting variables and phylogenetic relationships should be incorporated when studying extinction selectivity to account for covariation of traits and shared evolutionary history. Here, I explore a variety of biological and ecological controls on genus longevity in the global fossil record of diplobathrid crinoids by analyzing the combined effects of species richness, habitat preference, body size, filtration fan density, and food size selectivity. I employ a suite of taxic and phylogenetic approaches to (1) quantitatively compare and rank the relative effects of multiple factors on taxonomic longevity, and (2) determine how phylogenetic comparative approaches alter interpretations of extinction selectivity. I find controls on diplobathrid genus duration are hierarchically structured, where species richness is the primary predictor of duration, habitat is the secondary predictor, and a combination of ecological and biological traits are tertiary controls. Ecology plays an important but complex role in the generation of crinoid macroevolutionary patterns. Notably, tolerance of environmental heterogeneity promotes increased genus duration across diplobathrid crinoids, and the effects of traits related to feeding ecology vary depending on habitat lithology. Finally, I find accounting for phylogeny does not consistently decrease the significance of correlations between traits and genus duration, as is commonly expected. Instead, the strength of relationships between traits and duration may increase, decrease, or remain statistically similar, and both the magnitude and direction of these shifts are generally unpredictable. However, traits with strong correlations and/or moderately large effect sizes (Cohen's f2 > 0.15) under taxic approaches tend to remain qualitatively unchanged under phylogenetic approaches.
Data from: Disparid and hybocrinid crinoids (Echinodermata) from the Upper Ordovician (lower Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte of Ontario
The Brechin Lagerstätte (Katian, Ordovician) from the Lake Simcoe region of Ontario, Canada, contains a diverse array of echinoderms. Here, we describe seven disparid and two hybocrinid crinoids (Subclass Pentacrinoidea, Infraclass Inadunata), including a new disparid species belonging to the Anomalocrinidae (Order Homocrinida). In total, the disparids include Anomalocrinus astrictus n. sp.; Cremacrinus guttenbergensis Kolata, 1975; Cremacrinus inaequalis Billings, E., 1859; Daedalocrinus bellevillensis Billings, W.R., 1883; Eustenocrinus springeri Ulrich, 1925; Iocrinus trentonensis Walcott, 1883; and Isotomocrinus tenuis Billings, E., 1857b; and the hybocrinids include Hybocrinus tumidus Billings, E., 1857a and Hybocystites problematicus Wetherby, 1880. Previously known from only the holotype, three additional specimens of E. springeri expand our understanding of this unusual crinoid. Nomenclatural acts include the following: the recommendation of Warn and Strimple (1977), who designated Daedalocrinus kirki as a junior synonym of Daedalocrinus bellevillensis is followed; Hybocrinus pristinus Billings, E., 1858 is designated a junior synonym of Hybocrinus tumidus; and previous decisions are followed herein to retain Hybocystites eldonensis (Parks, 1908) as a junior synonym of Hybocystites problematicus. Although probably assignable to Anomalocrinus, the aberrant crinoid Glaucocrinus falconeri is designated a nomen dubium. Iocrinus similis (Billings, E., 1857a) is also designated a nomen dubium.
Data from: New crinoids from the Baltic region (Estonia): fossil tip-dating phylogenetics constrains the origin and Ordovician–Silurian diversification of the Flexibilia (Echinodermata)
This study documents previously unknown taxonomic and morphological diversity among early Palaeozoic crinoids. Based on highly complete, well preserved crown material, we describe two new genera from the Ordovician and Silurian of the Baltic region (Estonia) that provide insight into two major features of the geological history of crinoids: the early evolution of the flexible clade during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), and their diversification history surrounding the end-Ordovician mass extinction. The unexpected occurrence of a highly derived sagenocrinid, Tintinnabulicrinus estoniensis gen. et. sp. nov., from Upper Ordovician (lower Katian) rocks of the Baltic palaeocontinent provides high-resolution temporal, taxonomic and palaeobiogeographical constraints on the origin and early evolution of the Flexibilia. The Silurian (lower Rhuddanian, Llandovery) Paerticrinus arvosus gen. et sp. nov. is the oldest known Silurian crinoid from Baltica and thus provides the earliest Baltic record of crinoids following the aftermath of the end-Ordovician mass extinction. A Bayesian 'fossil tip-dating' analysis implementing the fossilized birth–death process and a relaxed morphological clock model suggests that flexibles evolved c. 3 million years prior to their oldest fossil record, potentially involving an ancestor–descendant relationship (via 'budding' cladogenesis or anagenesis) with the paraphyletic cladid Cupulocrinus. The sagenocrinid subclade rapidly diverged from 'taxocrinid' grade crinoids during the final stages of the GOBE, culminating in maximal diversity among Ordovician crinoid faunas on a global scale. Remarkably, diversification patterns indicate little taxonomic turnover among flexibles across the Late Ordovician mass extinction. However, the elimination of closely related clades may have helped pave the way for their subsequent Silurian diversification and increased ecological role in post-Ordovician Palaeozoic marine communities. This study highlights the significance of studies reporting faunas from undersampled palaeogeographical regions for clade-based phylogenetic studies and improving estimates of global biodiversity through geological time.
Data from: Testing for escalation in Lower Mississippian camerate crinoids
Crinoids were relatively unaffected by the end-Devonian Hangenberg mass extinction event. Major clades of Devonian durophagous fishes suffered significant extinctions, however, and the dominant surviving clades were biting or nipping predators. In part as a response to the Hangenberg event, early Mississippian crinoids underwent an adaptive radiation, while fish clades with a shell-crushing durophagous strategy diversified. Durophagous predators are inferred to have been more effective predators on camerate crinoids; and it is hypothesized, following the predictions of escalation, that through the early Mississippian, camerate crinoids evolved more effective anti-predatory strategies in response. We test this hypothesis of escalation by examining the changes in spinosity and plate convexity among camerate crinoids throughout this interval. A new method was formulated to test for an increase in convexity of the tegmen plates. Traits in Agaricocrinus, Aorocrinus, and Dorycrinus (Family Coelocrinidae) were tested for congruence to the escalation hypothesis, and results were mixed. Convexity of tegmen plates in Agaricocrinus, spine length/calyx diameter in Aorocrinus, calyx size in Aorocrinus, central spine length in Dorycrinus, and spine width in Dorycrinus did not have size increase trends supporting escalation. Rather than an increase in convexity, the variance of convexity in Agaricocrinus tegmen plates narrowed, which could reflect an optimum. Alternatively, morphological change consistent with the escalation hypothesis occurred in calyx size of Agaricocrinus and in lateral spine length and calyx size in Dorycrinus. Furthermore, central and lateral spine length, parameters of the spine width, and size trends support escalation when Aorocrinus and Dorycrinus are treated as a lineage. Thus, inferred escalation acted on traits differently within a single lineage and was relevant for both speciation and the diversification of a new genus.
FIGURE 21 in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 21. Relative growth rate of the four Bahamian phenotypes of Endoxocrinus and Neocrinus decorus revealed by Sr content of columnals (from David 1998). White spots: proximal columnals; black spots: distal columnals.
FIGURE 24 in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 24. Allopatric and sympatric differentiation of Atlantic and Pacific phenotypes in the genus Endoxocrinus.
FIGURE 23 in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 23. Estimation of the morphological disparity between Atlantic and Pacific phenotypes of diplocrinine crinoids (from David 1998). Semiquantitative estimate accumulates distinctive characters (main traits in external morphology and facet characters of articulations).
FIGURE 22 in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 22. Decrease in size related to depth in Atlantic and Pacific diplocrinine crinoids. For the northeastern Atlantic (dotted line), the number of specimens is obtained by multiplying by 20 (from Roux 1976). For the Caribbean (100500 m), stalk diameters between 2.1 to 3.5 mm correspond to more frequent juvenile specimens.
FIGURE 18 in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 18. Heterochronic development of internodal symplexial facets in Endoxocrinus. Each columnal is from the distal stalk of different specimens of the parrae phenotype. (a) to (d): from a small juvenile to a large adult.
FIGURE 19 in Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequences for taxonomy
FIGURE 19. Distal facet of nodals (cryptosymplexies) identifying the four species of Endoxocrinus. (a): E. (E.) parrae, (b): E. (D.) wyvillethomsoni, (c): E. (D.) alternicirrus, (d): E. (D.) maclearanus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.