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Fig. 6 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 6. Divergent appearances of Cynipid wasp venoms.The variable venom coloration in the sexual generation of the genus Amphibolips, ranging from light yellow in most species to dark brown in A. acuminata (first line). Other venom coloration observed in gall wasps (middle line).The agamic generation was dissected for Kokkocynips imbricariae and Atrusca unica. For Callirhytis seminator, A: agamic generation, S: sexual generation, Anti.: Antistrophus.The needle crystals found in the venom reservoir of Andricus robustus (bottom line).

Fig. 5 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 5. Venom apparatus anatomy representative of different Cynipid tribes. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.White arrow: insertion point of the reservoir into the ovipositor; red arrow: insertion point of the gland into the reservoir.The insert for Antistrophus silphii shows the detail of the reservoir morphology, with division between the narrow region (NR) and the large region (LR).

Fig. 4 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 4. Relative size of the venom apparatus in Cynipoids. (A) Venom gland length relative to metasoma length, with the names of the species having the largest venom gland over metasoma ratio indicated. (B) Venom reservoir area relative to metasoma area, with the names of the species having the largest venom reservoir over metasoma ratio indicated. (C) The ratios of venom reservoir area over metasoma area, and venom gland length over metasoma length for each species dissected.The dendrogram is adapted from Blaimer et al. (2020). For venom gland graphs, the dashed lines correspond to the venom gland length equaling the metasoma size, and to the reservoir area equaling 5% of the metasoma area for venom reservoir graphs.The central band indicates the species lifestyle (galler, inquiline, or parasitoid) and the generation for Cynipini (sexual, agamic, or unknown).The colors carry through from (A)–(C) and indicate the cynipoid tribes outlined in (C). Ceropt. = Ceroptrini, Diastrop. = Diastrophini, Diplo. = Diplolepidini, G. = Galler, Inq. = Inquiline, ND = Not dissected.

Fig. 3 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 3. Anatomy of the metasoma of the agamic female of Disholcaspis quercusmamma (Cynipini). (A) Photograph of the adult of the agamic generation. (B) Exocrine and reproductive organs of the metasoma studied in this article. (C–E) Reconstructed internal structures of the metasoma using micro-tomography. (C) Right-lateral view. (D) Detail of the venom apparatus in lateral view. e) Detail of the accessory gland complex in dorsal view. Legend: red arrow: insertion point of the gland into the reservoir; orange, venom gland; purple, venom reservoir; yellow, accessory gland; dark blue, accessory sac; green, ovaries; and light blue, gut. Axis: D, dorsal;V, ventral; A, anterior; P, posterior; L, left; R, right. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 2. Examples of oviposition in Cynipidae. Unidentified Cynipini wasps laying eggs (A) in the secondary vein of a red oak (Quercus rubra) and (B) in the bud of a white oak (Quercus alba). (C) Inquiline cynipid wasp (Ceroptres sp.) laying eggs into the petiole gall of the sexual generation of Melikaiella tumifica on Q. rubra. (D) Diplolepis nodulosa (Diplolepidini) ovipositing in a rose bud.

Fig. 1 in Comparative anatomy of venom glands suggests a role of maternal secretions in gall induction by cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 1. Diversity of galls induced by Cynipid wasps. Four clades of Cynipidae contain gall-inducing species: the rose-gallers (Diplolepidini), the herb gallers (Aylacini sensu lato), the non-rose Rosaceae gallers (Diastrophini), and the oak gallers (Cynipidini). Cynipidini alternate two generations, sexual and agamic, that differ in their phenotype. Cynipid galls can be induced in various organs (bud, flower, fruit, leaf, root, or stem), and contain one larval chamber (unilocular gall) or several (multilocular gall). Photo credits:Tom Murray (Disholcaspis quercusmamma), Matthew Wills (Acraspis erinacei), Jeremy Collison (Amphibolips confluenta), Bill MacIndewar (Callirhytis quercusfutilis), Jeff Skrentny (Antistrophis silphii), and Erin Faulkner (Diplolepis bicolor).

FIGURES 62–65 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 62–65. Druon hansoni, sp. nov., asexual female. 62, mesosoma, lateral view. 63, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 64, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 65, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 263–264 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 263–264. Striatoandricus tenuicornis, comb. nov., asexual female, metasoma. 263, lateral view. 264, dorsal view.

FIGURES 259–262 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 259–262. Striatoandricus tenuicornis, comb. nov., asexual female. 259–261, mesosoma: 259, lateral view, 260–261, dorsal view. 262, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 253–258 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 253–258. Striatoandricus tenuicornis, comb. nov., asexual female. 253–256, head: 253, frontal view, 254, dorsal view, 255, lateral view, 256, posterior view. 257, antenna. 258, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 247–252 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 247–252. Striatoandricus guatemalensis, comb. nov., asexual female. 247, head, frontal view. 248–249, mesosoma: 248, lateral view, 249, dorsal view. 250, metasoma, lateral view. 251, fore wing, part. 252, type female labels.

FIGURES 245–246 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 245–246. Striatoandricus furnessulus, comb. nov., asexual female, body habitus: 245, dorsal view, 246, lateral view. Pictures are taken from USNM Holotype collection (http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/39cf39e1b-8994-473c-88b8-ee1d1e852019).

FIGURE 234 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURE 234. Host associations of Druon species within sections and series of Quercus subgenus Quercus (Quercus sections after Denk et al. 2017; series after McVay et al. 2017).

FIGURES 236–244 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 236–244. Galls of Nearctic species from the genera Andricus, Antron, Callirhytis and Striatoandricus, that have a similar aggregated and woolly morphology to the galls induced by Druon species. 236, Andricus tibialis. 237, Andricus tecturnarum. 238, Antron quercusnubila. 239, Callirhytis infuscata. 240, C. lanata. 241, C. furva. 242, Striatoandricus georgei. 243, S. furnessulus. 244, Callirhytis seminator. Galls of different species are given in different scale. Fig 240 courtesy of C.-T. Tang.

FIGURE 235 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURE 235. Majority-rule consensus tree showing the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Druon comb. rev. based on a Bayesian analysis of a concatenation of three loci (cytochrome b, the D2 region of the 28S rRNA gene and long-wavelength opsin). Limits of the re-established Druon are indicated by the grey shaded box; the type species of the genus Andricus is highlighted by the black star. Numbers above nodes indicate posterior probability support.

FIGURES 228–231 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 228–231. Druon serretae, sp. nov., asexual female. 228, mesosoma, lateral view. 229–230, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dorsal view. 231, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 210–215 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 210–215. Druon rusticum, comb. rev., asexual female. 210–213, head: 210, frontal view, 211, dorsal view, part, 212, lateral view, 213, posterior view. 214, antenna. 215, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 197–198 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 197–198. Druon receptum, comb. rev., asexual female (lighter colour). 197, fore wing, part. 198, metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 203–206 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 203–206. Druon receptum, comb. rev., asexual female (darker colour). 203, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view. 204, mesosoma, lateral view. 205, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 206, mesoscutellum, dorsal view.

FIGURES 216–219 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species

FIGURES 216–219. Druon rusticum, comb. rev., asexual female. 216, mesosoma, lateral view. 217–218, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dorsal view. 219, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.