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Figs. 28–30 in Neotropical Scolopini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae): new taxa, diagnostic characters and a key to the genera of the tribe

Figs. 28–30. Scolopocoris gracilicornis (Poppius, 1909). 28 – fore femora; 29 – ostiolar peritreme; 30 – detail of evaporatorium.

Figs. 22–27. 22 in Neotropical Scolopini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae): new taxa, diagnostic characters and a key to the genera of the tribe

Figs. 22–27. 22 – Nidicola mitra Drake & Herring, 1964, ostiolar peritreme; 23 – Opisthypselus punctaticollis Reuter, 1909, ostiolar peritreme; 24, 25 – Zopherocoris armatus Reuter, 1871; 24 – fore femora; 25 – ostiolar peritreme; 26, 27 – Scolopella brasiliensis Carayon, 1954; 26 – ostiolar peritreme; 27 – detail of evaporatorium.

Figs. 1–9. 1 in Neotropical Scolopini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae): new taxa, diagnostic characters and a key to the genera of the tribe

Figs. 1–9. 1 – Calliodis pallescens (Reuter, 1884); 2 – Eulasiocolpus megalops Champion, 1900; 3 – Guayascoris foreroi gen. & sp. nov.; 4 – Lepidonannella opaca (Poppius, 1909); 5 – Nidicola mitra Drake & Herring, 1964; 6 – Opisthypselus punctaticollis Reuter, 1908; 7 – Zopherocoris armatus (Stål, 1860); 8 – Scolopella brasiliensis Carayon, 1954; 9 – Scolopocoris gracilicornis (Poppius, 1909). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs. 10–15 in Neotropical Scolopini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae): new taxa, diagnostic characters and a key to the genera of the tribe

Figs. 10–15. Guayascoris foreroi gen. & sp. nov. 10–14 – holotype, male: 10 – head; 11 – fore tibia; 12 – hemelytron; 13 – abdominal uradenia; 14a – pygophore; 14b – detail of left paramere. 15 – paratype, female, abdomen.

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Figs. 291 305. Leptopholcus spp. from the Antilles, male diagnostic characters. 291 294. L. delicatulus Franganillo. 291. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 292 in New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): A Revision At Generic Level

Figs. 291 305. Leptopholcus spp. from the Antilles, male diagnostic characters. 291 294. L. delicatulus Franganillo. 291. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 292. Bulbal projections (left bulb). 293. Bulbal appendix. 294. Left palpal trochanter, retrolateral view. 295 299. L. jamaica, n. sp. 295. Left procursus, prolateral view. 296. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 297. Bulbal projections (left bulb). 298. Bulbal appendix. 299. Palpal trochanter. 300 301. L. hispaniola, n. sp. 300. Bulbal appendix.

Fig 1 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig 1. Selected frogs in the Litoria graminea (A–B) and Litoria infrafrenata (C–F) groups that occur in the western (Indonesian) half of New Guinea. A, Litoria huntorum from the foothills of the Foja Mountains, B, L. pallidofemora from Batanta Island, C, Litoria infrafrenata from Batanta Island, D, Litoria lubisi from Timika region, E, Litoria multicolor from the Wondowoi Mountains, and F, Litoria purpureolata from Biak Island. Note the typically less extensive webbing on the fingers and toes of species in the Litoria infrafrenata group. Photographs: A–D, Stephen Richards, E–F, Rainer Günther.

Fig. 4 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 4. Details of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, holotype MZB Amph. 32893 in preservative. A, Details of eye showing largely unpigmented nictitating membranes, B, dorsal view of head, C, details of hand show moderately extensive webbing, and D, whole animal showing colouration in preservative.

Fig. 2 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 2. Details of nuptial excrescences in frogs from the Litoria infrafrenata (A–B) and Litoria graminea groups (C–F). A, Litoria purpureolata, B, Litoria lubisi, C, L. pallidofemora, D, L. pterodactyla, E, L. huntorum, and F, L. azuroscelis, new species. Note very fine excrescences in the two species from the Litoria infrafrenata group (A and B).

Fig 3 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig 3. Litoria azuroscelis, new species, holotype MZB Amph. 32893 in life. A, lateral view, B, more dorsal view highlighting blue wash on groin and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs. Photographs: Rainer Günther.

Fig. 7 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 7. Forest interior at Maja Waterfall, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species. Photograph: Rainer Günther.

Fig. 5. A in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 5. A, Spectrogram of male Litoria azuroscelis, new species, and B, amplitude spectrum for calls in 5A. Calls recorded at 25°C.

Fig. 6 in A new large green treefrog (Litoria: Pelodryadidae) from western New Guinea, with the description of a new diagnostic character for the Litoria graminea group

Fig. 6. Map of New Guinea with the type locality of Litoria azuroscelis, new species, at the base of the Wandammen Peninsula indicated by a red star.

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Fig. 3 in First Japanese Records of the Indo-Pacific Scorpionfish (Scorpaenidae) Scorpaenodes corallinus, with a Re-evaluation of Coronal Spines as a Diagnostic Character

Fig. 3. Holotype of Scorpaenodes corallinus (SAIAB 301, 64.4 mm SL, Pinda Island, Mozambique).

opennotspecifiedJun 2020View details →

FIGURE 7 in Comparative morphology of myrmecophilous immature stages of European Microdon species (Diptera: Syrphidae): updated identification key and new diagnostic characters

FIGURE 7. Dorsal reticulation of third instar larvae of M. myrmicae (A, B), M. analis (C, D) and M. devius (E, F); left, general view; right, detail of single reticulation processes. A = 400 µm; B = 50 µm; C, E = 500 µm; D = 100 µm; F = 200 µm.

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Data from: In search of an optimal DNA diagnosis for taxonomic descriptions with MOLD, a novel tool to identify diagnostic nucleotide characters

<p>While DNA characters are increasingly used for phylogenetic inference, taxa delimitation and identification, their use for formal description of taxa remains scarce and inconsistent. The major impediments until recently was a lack of a suitable algorithm to identify signature DNA characters. The 2019-2020 however were marked by an almost simultaneous release of three softwares, simple to run and designed specifically for taxonomists. There is, nevertheless, a major concern, whether taxonomy will benefit from wide application of these, or any of the previously available tools. The reluctance of using DNA data in taxonomy is partly due to concerns of insufficient reliability of DNA characters, as robustness of DNA based diagnoses, depending on the sampled fraction of the species diversity has not thus far been assessed.</p> <p>We propose a novel program, named MOLD that recovers diagnostic nucleotide combinations (DNCs) for selected taxa with DNA sequences available. We carried our random iterated haplotype subsampling on species in six published DNA data sets of varying complexity, providing a diagnosis to each subsample to evaluate how the robustness of DNA based diagnosis changes depending on the sampled fraction of the taxon's diversity. We demonstrate that the currently used diagnostic DNA characters, or combinations thereof (DNCs) often do not exist for a particular species in a particular data set, or are not sufficiently reliable. We propose a new type of DNA diagnosis, termed herein rDNCs, which is compiled to suit pre-defined criteria of reliability, and is implemented in MOLD. We demonstrate that rDNCs can be successfully identified even in data sets comprising hundreds of species, and allow for notably more reliable diagnoses, than the currently used diagnostic DNA characters. MOLD recovers reliable and reproducible diagnoses in traditionally problematic cases, such as cryptic species or species with pronounced genetic structure, and shows unparalleled efficiency in large DNA data sets, making a valuable complement to the currently existing toolkit.</p>

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 6 in Revision of the diagnostic characters of two morphologically similar snook species Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens (Carangiformes: Centropomidae)

FIGURE 6. Difference between the mean shape of Centropomus nigrescens (solid line) and that of C. viridis (dashed line) based on partial Procrustes distances. Arrows indicate the direction of the change.

FIGURE 5 in Revision of the diagnostic characters of two morphologically similar snook species Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens (Carangiformes: Centropomidae)

FIGURE 5. Scatter plot showing scores on the first two principal components explaining 56.3% of the total variance. Two taxonomic groups are detected, indicating that shape variables obtained by PCA are significant discriminators. Centropomus nigrescens is represented by black circles and C. viridis by gray circles.

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among the Centropomus 16S in Revision of the diagnostic characters of two morphologically similar snook species Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens (Carangiformes: Centropomidae)

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among the Centropomus 16S rRNA gene sequences found in the GenBank (March, 2020), only those sequences which overlap with the sequences from this study were selected. Relationships are based on the neighbor-joining method and the Tamura 3-parameter with a gamma distribution (shape parameter = 1). Node value support higher than 60% are shown.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of the diagnostic characters of two morphologically similar snook species Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens (Carangiformes: Centropomidae)

FIGURE 4. Some morphological variants of the first dorsal fin of genetically identified Centropomus nigrescens (A-C) and C. viridis (D-F) specimens. A and D represent the typical shape accepted for each species (blunt-shaped fin in C. nigrescens and triangular-shaped fin in C. viridis).

FIGURE 1 in Revision of the diagnostic characters of two morphologically similar snook species Centropomus viridis and C. nigrescens (Carangiformes: Centropomidae)

FIGURE 1. The Tropical Eastern Pacific map shows the geographic distribution of Centropomus nigrescens (black line) and C. viridis (gray line). Sampling localities are shown on the insert. The figure was made based on Robertson & Allen (2015).