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FIG. 9 in Crocodylomorph and dinosaur tracks from the lowermost Jurassic of Le Veillon (western France): ichnotaxonomic revision of the type material (Lapparent collection)

FIG. 9. — Eubrontes giganteus Hitchcock, 1845: A-C, track ULB-04D21_A (plaster cast of the holotype of "E. veillonensis" that is here invalidated), photograph (A), DEM and false-colour depth map (B) and interpretative sketch (C). Scale bars: 10 cm.

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FIG. 10 in Crocodylomorph and dinosaur tracks from the lowermost Jurassic of Le Veillon (western France): ichnotaxonomic revision of the type material (Lapparent collection)

FIG. 10. — Grallator minusculus (Hitchcock, 1858), Demathieu, Gand, Sciau & Freytet, 2002: A-C, track ULB-04C13_B (plaster cast of the holotype of "G. maximus" that is here invalidated), photograph (A), DEM and false-colour depth map (B) and interpretative sketch (C); D-F, track ULB-04C10_B, photograph (D), DEM and false-colour depth map (E) and interpretative sketch (F). Scale bars: 10 cm.

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FIG. 5 in Crocodylomorph and dinosaur tracks from the lowermost Jurassic of Le Veillon (western France): ichnotaxonomic revision of the type material (Lapparent collection)

FIG. 5. — Grallator variabilis Lapparent & Montenat, 1967: A-C, plaster cast of the holotype, ULB-04C08_D, photograph (A), DEM and false-colour depth map (B) and interpretative sketch (C); D-F, paratype, ULB-04C05_A, photograph (D), DEM and false-colour depth map (E) and interpretative sketch (F); G-I, track ULB- 04C13_A, photograph (G), DEM and false-colour depth map (H) and interpretative sketch (I). Scale bars: 5 cm.

Fig. 2 in A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe

Fig. 2. Right hind limb of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Musankwa sanyatiensis gen. et sp. nov. (NHMZ 2521) from the Pebbly Arkose Formation Norian, Upper Triassic) of Spurwing Island, Zimbabwe. A. Right femur in posterior (A1), lateral (A2), anterior (A3), medial (A4), proximal (A5), and distal (A6) views. B. Right tibia with conjoined astragalus in anterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3), medial (B4), and proximal (B5) views.

Fig. 1. A in A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe

Fig. 1. A. Map showing the geographic setting of the Mid-Zambezi Basin in northwest Zimbabwe. B. Position of Spurwing Island relative to the Zimbabwean southern) shoreline of Lake Kariba. C. Spurwing Island; arrow indicates the fossil locality at the Spurwing East Palaeosol site. D. Sedimentology of the Spurwing East Palaeosol site. E. Articulated hind limb of Musankwa sanyatiensis gen. et sp. nov. (NHMZ 2521) as discovered in situ. F. Evidence of bioturbation in the form of invertebrate traces (e.g., Taenidium isp. with menisci highlighted by red mudstone; see also Sciscio et al. 2021a). G. Associated sediments of the fossil site: pedogenically-modified fines with desiccation cracks, carbonate nodules, and colour mottling. Abbreviations: f, fine; m, medium; vf, very fine.

Fig. 4 in A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe

Fig. 4. Time-scaled reduced strict consensus of>10 000 MPTs with lengths of 1669 steps resulting from inclusion of Musankwa sanyatiensis gen. et sp. nov. (NHMZ 2521) in the dataset of Pol et al. (2021). Numbers below internal branches show Bremer supports for nodes with values>1. Further comments are provided in the text and the SOM 5. Time-scaling was conducted using the R package strap (Bell and Lloyd 2015).

Fig. 3 in A new Late Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe

Fig. 3. CT-renderings of the distal end of the right tibia and right astragalus of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Musankwa sanyatiensis gen. et sp. nov. (NHMZ 2521) from the Pebbly Arkose Formation (Norian, Upper Triassic) of Spurwing Island, Zimbabwe. A. Articulated distal right tibia and right astragalus in anterior (A1), medial (A2), posterior (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. Distal right tibia with astragalus removed digitally in anterior (B1), lateral (B2), and distal B3) views. C. Right astragalus digitally dissected from tibia in anterior (C1), lateral (C2), posterior (C3), medial (C4), dorsal (C5), and ventral (C6) views. 3D versions of these images can be found in the SOM 1 and 2 (Supplementary Online Material available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app69-Barrett_etal_SOM.pdf).

Fig. 4 in Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Wulong bohaiensis Poust, Gao, Varricchio, Wu, and Zhang, 2020 (DNHM D2933), from Shangheshou, Chaoyang, Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation with a minimum age of 120.3 Ma. This illustration broadly depicts iridescent plumage on the limbs and grey feathers on the body. It should be noted that the full extent of the iridescence has been extrapolated in the creation of this illustration, based on the evidence provided by a small but significant distribution of iridescent samples across several limbs of the fossil. Artwork by Robert Nicholls (Bob Nicholls Art).

Fig. 2 in Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Fig. 2. Preserved melanosome imprints characteristic of each sample from the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Wulong bohaiensis Poust, Gao, Varricchio, Wu, and Zhang, 2020 (DNHM D9233) from Shangheshou, Chaoyang, Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation with a minimum age of 120.3 Ma. All melanosome imprints are from solid and cylindrical melanosomes. Preservation on samples 7 and 14 is less clear. Three distinctive types of melanosome morphology were found on sample 15. Each was measured separately and treated as different samples for analysis (15a/15b/15c).

Fig. 7 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 7. Comparison of silhouettes of the velociraptorine skulls from different sites of the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. A. Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, ZPAL MgD-I/97. B, D, E. Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, 1924. B. AMNH FARB 6515. D. MPC-D 100/25. E. MPC-D 100/54. C. Velociraptor sp. MPC-D 100/982. F. "Velociraptor" osmolskae Godefroit, Currie, Li, Shang, and Dong, 2008, IMM 99NM-BYM-3/3. G. Linheraptor exquisitus Xu, Choinere, Pittman, Tan, Xiao, Li, Tan, Clark, Norell, Hone, and Sullivan, 2010, IVPP V16923. H. Tsaagan mangas Norell, Clark, Turner, Makovicky, Barsbold, and Rowe, 2006, MPC-D 100/1015. Known elements from any side of the specimen are in grey. Lines present some of the features distinguishing S. devi from other velociraptorines: the maximum height of the antorbital fenestra and its perpendicular projection showing elongation of the fenestra (red lines), the position of the last maxillary alveoli (blue), the anteriormost projection of the quadratojugal (green), and the position of the ventral margin of the external mandibular fenestra (purple).

Fig. 3 in Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Fig. 3. Melanosome length against diameter for each colour category. The fifth panel shows the measurements for the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Wulong bohaiensis Poust, Gao, Varricchio, Wu, and Zhang, 2020 (DNHM D2933), from Shangheshou, Chaoyang, Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation with a minimum age of 120.3 Ma. Note 15c, which outlies all extant measurements. This figure is a good visual representation of why the models conflict in their prediction for 15c. cluded in SOM: table S2. Sample 15 is from the chest region Colour prediction.—In this study, the two prevailing preof the abdomen. Multiple unique populations of melano- dictive modelling approaches (QDA and MLR) for analysing somes were observed with differing morphologies. These fossil melanosome shape were applied to each of the datawere treated as separate samples (15a, 15b, and 15c) and sets (see Table 1), using length, diameter and aspect ratio as assessed for their colour. Fig. 3 plots length against diam- predictor variables for the QDA. For MLR, diameter, aspect eter for the melanosome data, with the right-most panel in- ratio, hollowness (categorical) and flatness (categorical) precluding the measurements from Wulong bohaiensis DNHM dictor variables were used. The analyses were conducted in D2933 facilitating visual comparison of the colour category Stata-16 (StataCorp 2019a), see SOM for commands to exedistributions in the first four panels. cute the models and justifications for the variable selection. Accounting for melanosome shrinkage.—Only melanosome The first dataset "LiNord" incorporates the Nordén et al. imprints were available for study, which have been argued (2019) modifications of the original Li et al. (2012) dataset to preserve the original morphology better than organically where, to avoid systematic bias from different sampling preserved melanosomes (Vinther 2020). Organically pre- methods and sample sizes, coefficient of variation and skew served melanosomes appear to shrink isometrically up to variables were excluded, as well as all samples with a sam- ~20% (McNamara et al. 2013; Colleary et al. 2015). The ple size less than 10. It does not include any of the new addiassumption is that if the rock matrix formed earlier than the tional samples from Hu et al. (2018) or Nordén et al. (2019). diagenetic shrinkage taking place, then imprints are a better The second dataset "NordSC" is a revised version of the proxy for the original size. While aspect ratio is unaffected expanded Nordén et al. (2019) dataset. First, a minor correcby shrinkage, the length and diameter would be affected tion reassigned colour categories to four samples that were and could affect predictions. To inspect this effect, three mislabelled (see SOM). Nordén et al. (2019) also excluded the scaling compensations of 10%, 20%, and 30% for length species sampled by Hu et al. (2018) because the data was not and diameter have been applied to investigate any possible phylogenetically broad, instead creating their own, broader shift in prediction. iridescent dataset. Additionally, here all hollow and flat sam-

Fig. 5 in Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Fig. 5. Variation of probability with respect to the aspect ratio predictor variable (one of the two variables included in analysis M2). This plot shows that at aspect ratios of approximately 2.5–3.5, the probabilities of predicting any of the four possible colour categories are similar, and none are very likely. Several samples in Wulong bohaiensis (DNHM D2933) had an aspect ratio within this range.

Fig. 6 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, among the dromaeosaurid dinosaurs. Values of the antorbital fenestra elongation (measured as the ratio of the posterior margin height to the longitudinal length) and elongation of the maxilla (measured as the ratio of the maxilla length to its height; data after Powers et al. 2022) are mapped on the 50% majority rule consensus trees generated from the modified data matrices of Powers et al. 2022 (A), and Napoli et al. 2021 (B). White rectangles represent the missing data.

Fig. 9 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 9. Artistic post-mortem reconstruction of the Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, individual represented by a specimen ZPAL MgD-I/97 before its final burial. Artwork by Jakub Zalewski (CC BY-NC-ND-3.0).

Fig. 5 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 5. Results of the PCA for the linear measurements of maxilla (A) and pes (B) for the velociraptorines from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Blue dots represent specimens from the Djadokhta strata, orange from the Baruungoyot strata, green from Ukhaa Tolgod, and black and grey from Bayan Mandahu.

Fig. 3 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 3. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021 (ZPAL MgD-I/97) from the Upper Cretaceous, Khulsan, Ömnögovi, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Photographs (A1, A2, A4, A5) and 3D model (A3, A6, A7) obtained from the CT scan of the left side of the skull in dorsal (A1), medial (A2, A3), anterior (A6), and lateral (A7) views. Elements of the left palate in dorsal (A4) and ventral (A5) views. Right maxilla in the lateral (A8, A9) and anterior (A10) views, with the margin of the antorbital fenestra indicated by dashed lines, and the close up of the fifth (A11) and the second (A12) preserved tooth in labial views showing very weakly developed denticles on the mesial carina. Right mandible in the lateral (A13, A14) and medial (A15, A16) views. B. Explanatory drawings of the skull in left (B1) and right (B2) lateral views with the preserved bones (in grey).

Fig. 4 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 4. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021 (ZPAL MgD-I/97) from the Upper Cretaceous, Khulsan, Ömnögovi, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. A. Left metatarsus in anterior (A1, A2) and posterior (A3, A4) views, and phalanges of digit IV (A5), digit III (A6), digit II (A7), and digit I (A8) in medial views, metatarsal I in anterior view (A8). Ungual III-4 is presented as a 3D model obtained from the CT scan. B. Plot presenting the elongation of II-3 in relation to the length of metatarsal II in dromaeosaurid dinosaurs. Blue dots represent specimens from the Djadokhta strata, orange from the Baruungoyot strata, black from Bayan Mandahu, and white from North America.

Fig. 1 in Iridescent plumage in a juvenile dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Fig. 1. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Wulong bohaiensis Poust, Gao, Varricchio, Wu, and Zhang, 2020 (DNHM D2933), from Shangheshou, Chaoyang, Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation with a minimum age of 120.3 Ma (A1). Samples 1–16 were labelled by SLB while taking samples at the museum. Illustration by JV (A2) to show distinct plumage groupings on Wulong bohaiensis (DNHM D2933). For clarity, in this illustration only the samples with successful melanosome preservation are labelled. Preservation on each of the excluded samples was not sufficient for study.

Fig. 8 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 8. Reconstruction of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021, based on ZPAL MgD-I/97 and MPC-D 100/980. A. Skull; missing elements reconstructed on the base of Velociraptor mongoliensis Osborn, 1924 (MPC-D 100/25 and MPC-D 100/54). B. Whole body silhouette with known remains of the holotype and referred material. Silhouette based on V. mongoliensis drawn by J.A. Headden (Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-3.0).

Fig. 2 in Skull of a dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert suggests convergence to the North American forms

Fig. 2. Dromaeosaurid dinosaur Shri devi Turner, Montanari, and Norell, 2021 (ZPAL MgD-I/97) from the Upper Cretaceous, Khulsan, Ömnögovi, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Specimen prior to the preparation work (A1), and the 3D model of the skeleton, based on the CT and surface scanner data, with elements arranged as originally found (A2).