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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group MT1.2 Muddy Shorelines

This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for MT1.2 Muddy Shorelines, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.1). Please refer to Keith et al. (2020) and Keith et al. (2022) for details. The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group T4.5 Temperate subhumid grasslands

This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for T4.5 Temperate subhumid grasslands, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.1). Please refer to Keith et al. (2020) and Keith et al. (2022) for details. The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Scripts and data for: Integrating different facets of diversity into food web models: how adaptation among and within functional groups shape ecosystem functioning

Adaptation of communities to environmental fluctuations can emerge from different facets of biodiversity, which may impact ecosystem functioning differently. Previous work examined how ecosystem functions can be influenced by two sources of adaptive potential: sorting (i.e., changes in community composition due to fitness differences) can occur when multiple species or groups are present (richness), and trait adaptability (i.e., trait adjustments within species or functional groups) can emerge from genetic or phenotypic diversity. However, their effect is typically studied separately, and often in the context of only one trophic level. Therefore, we used a bitrophic trait-based model varying in richness and in the presence of trait adaptability at each trophic level, to investigate how sorting and trait adaptability, at one or two trophic levels, separately or jointly shape ecosystem functions. We found that the adaptive potential emerging from any facet of diversity-induced changes in trophic interactions, in turn, affects biomass distributions within and across trophic levels, dynamical behaviour, and synchrony of biomass dynamics within a trophic level. Particularly, sorting and trait adaptability could contribute to a similar degree and at a similar time to temporal changes in ecosystem functions, but their respective contribution depended on the speed of trait adaptation, the trait range between similar functional groups, and trophic interactions. We thus suggest to consider multiple facets of diversity and their corresponding sources of adaptive potential to deepen our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning, especially in a context of rapid biodiversity change.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Data from: Riparian reforestation on the landscape scale – Navigating trade-offs among agricultural production, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity

Short description This repository contains the relevant data and code used for the analyses of the scientific publication: "Riparian reforestation on the landscape scale – Navigating trade-offs among agricultural production, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity", published in the Journal of Applied Ecology. For further details please see the original article and its supplementary materials.   Organization of the data The repository contains two main folders:    1. Target indicators & spatial analysis ‘target indicators.csv’: Measured variables that have been quantified at the CROSSLINK field sampling campaign in the Zwalm catchment (EPT taxa richness, diatoms functional evenness, cotton-strip assay). ‘bio-suitability segments.csv’: Biophysical suitability for food production of the arable land for each riparian segment of the Zwalm. ‘spatial analysis.xlsx’: Results of the Zwalm spatial analyses addressing land-use and physiographic properties of the (1) local riparian corridors; (2) full riparian corridors within in the upstream catchments and (3) total upstream catchment areas for each sampling site. ‘Summary model development Zwalm.pptx’: Additional information on the models that have been used in the CoMOLA optimization framework.    2. CoMOLA input & parameterisation The files in this folder can be used for the parameterisation of the Python tool CoMOLA (Strauch et al., 2019). Source for CoMOLA, including user manual: https://github.com/michstrauch/CoMOLA ‘config.ini’: Basic configuration file of CoMOLA (needs to be adjusted to local settings) ‘input’ folder: Includes the CoMOLA input files that have been used in our study. See CoMOLA manual for more details on each file. ‘models’ folder: Includes the Python code of the models that are used for the calculation of all target indicators within the optimization framework (‘Zwalm_4_Models_v1_utf8.py’). The sub-folders ‘GIS_temp_files’ and ‘Input’ contain all files that are needed and have been used to run the Python code.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data collected for: The contrasted impacts of grasshoppers on soil microbial activities in function of ecosystem productivity and herbivore diet

Herbivory can have contrasted impacts on soil microbes and nutrient cycling, which has stimulated the development of conceptual frameworks exploring the links between below- and aboveground processes. The "productivity model" predicts that herbivores stimulate microbial activities and accelerate nutrient mineralization in productive ecosystems, while they have an opposite effect in less productive ecosystems. In parallel, the "diet model" predicts that herbivores feeding on conservative plants accelerate nutrient cycling while those feeding on exploitative plants decelerate nutrient cycling, due to changes in litter inputs. Since these two frameworks can lead to conflicting predictions in some cases, experimental evidence combining herbivore diet and productivity is required. During two consecutive years, we conducted an experiment controlling the presence of three grasshopper species consuming either grasses, forbs or both in twelve natural and managed alpine grasslands of contrasted productivities. In order to assess the effects of herbivory on soil microbes, we measured their enzymatic activities, their biomass and the soil potential nitrogen mineralization (PNM). Soil and vegetation characteristics were also determined in order to test if they modulated the effects of herbivory on microbes. Contrary to the predictions of the diet model, the effects of herbivory on microbial characteristics did not depend on the herbivores diet but relied on ecosystem productivity. The most productive sites were characterized by exploitative plant species which depleted N resources in the soil, and by microbes producing relatively few extracellular enzymes, leading to a lower PNM. Herbivory increased microbial biomass and decreased the production of extracellular enzymes in those sites, possibly through the stimulation of root exudates produced by exploitative species. The least productive sites were characterized by conservative plants, which led to the sequestration of soil C, and by microbes having a resource acquisition strategy (more extracellular enzymes, higher PNM). Herbivory decreased microbial biomass and increased the production of extracellular enzymes in those sites. This pattern can be explained by the loss of carbon associated with insect respiration, which increases the need for microbes to acquire resources and by a lower production of root exudates by conservative species. Therefore, the effects of two years of herbivory on soil microbes were at odds with the productivity model, which focuses instead on longer term effects corresponding to herbivory-induced changes in plant species composition. This highlights the multidimensional feature of the impacts of herbivory on ecosystem functioning, both in space and time.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Extreme weather events threaten biodiversity and functions of river ecosystems: dataset for conducting the meta-analysis

This repository contains the code and dataset to replicate the meta-analysis conducted by Sabater et al. entitled "Extreme weather events threaten biodiversity and functions of river ecosystems: evidence from a meta-analysis" Metadata: - metaanalysis_GlobalEvidenceRivers_Rscript.R - R Script to conduct the meta-analysis - structural_resp.csv - table with data to perform the species richness, density, and biomass meta-analysis. It includes the mean, SD (or SE), and sample number of the studies included in the meta-analysis, as well as information on the paper authors, year of publication, and type of study (experimental or observational). It also includes co-variates and the author who subtracts the information from the paper. - functional_resp.csv - table with data to perform the primary productivity, respiration, and decomposition meta-analysis. It includes the mean, SD (or SE), and sample number of the studies included in the meta-analysis, as well as information on the paper authors, year of publication, and type of study (experimental or observational). It also includes co-variates and the author who subtracts the information from the paper. -refMap.csv - Geographical information of the papers included in the meta-analysis.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Geomorphology shapes relationships between animal communities and ecosystem function in large rivers

Understanding how the Earth's surface (i.e., 'nature's stage') influences connections between biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) is a central objective in ecology. Despite recent calls to examine these connections at multiple trophic levels and at more complex and realistic scales, little is known about how landscape structure shapes BEF relationships among animal communities in nature. We coupled high-resolution habitat mapping with extensive field sampling to quantify connections among the geophysical habitat templet, invertebrate assemblages, and secondary production in two large North American riverscapes. Patterns of sediment size governed invertebrate assemblage structure, with particularly strong effects on composition, richness, and taxonomic and functional diversity. These relationships propagated to drive positive relationships between biodiversity and secondary production that were modified by scale, context-dependencies, and anthropogenic modification. Finally, leveraging spatially explicit descriptions of geophysical and biological properties, we uncovered distinct and nested spatial scales of biodiversity and secondary production, and suggest that multiple geophysical processes simultaneously influence these patterns at different scales. Together, our findings advance our understanding of relationships between the physical templet and patterns of BEF, and help to predict how perturbations to the Earth's surface may propagate to influence biodiversity and energy flux through food webs.

openother-openOct 2022View details →

Planktonic functional diversity changes in synchrony with lake ecosystem state

Abstract Managing ecosystems to effectively preserve function and services requires reliable tools that can infer changes in the stability and dynamics of a system. Conceptually, functional diversity (FD) appears a sensitive and viable monitoring metric stemming from suggestions that FD is a universally important measure of biodiversity and has a mechanistic influence on ecological processes. It is however unclear whether changes in FD consistently occur prior to state responses or vice versa, with no current work on the temporal relationship between FD and state to support a transition towards trait-based indicators. There is consequently a knowledge gap regarding when functioning changes relative to biodiversity change and where FD change falls in that sequence. We therefore examine the lagged relationship between planktonic FD and abundance-based metrics of system state (e.g. biomass) across five highly monitored lake communities using both correlation and cutting edge non-linear empirical dynamic modelling approaches. Overall, phytoplankton and zooplankton FD display synchrony with lake state but each lake is idiosyncratic in the strength of relationship. It is therefore unlikely that changes in plankton FD are identifiable before changes in more easily collected abundance metrics. These results highlight the power of empirical dynamic modelling in disentangling time lagged relationships in complex multivariate ecosystems, but suggest that FD cannot be generically viable as an early indicator. Individual lakes therefore require consideration of their specific context and any interpretation of FD across systems requires caution. However, FD still retains value as an alternative state measure or a trait representation of biodiversity when considered at the system level. Dataset The deposited dataset contains scripts used in functional diversity, cross correlation and convergent cross mapping analysis, the generation of figures and the custom functions underpinning the work. Raw plankton data is not provided but links to publicly available data portals and maintainer contact details are provided.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Data from: Ecosystem functioning during biodiversity loss and recovery

Anthropogenic biodiversity loss can impair ecosystem functioning. Human activities are often managed with the aim of reversing biodiversity loss and its associated functional impacts. However, it is currently unknown whether biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationships observed during biodiversity recovery are the same as those observed during biodiversity loss. This will depend on how species extirpation and recolonisation sequences compare and how different species influence ecosystem functioning. Using data from a marine benthic invertebrate community, we modelled how bioturbation potential – a proxy for benthic ecosystem functioning – changes along biodiversity loss and recovery sequences governed by species' sensitivity to physical disturbance and recolonisation capability, respectively. BEF relationships for biodiversity loss and recovery were largely the same despite species extirpation and recolonisation sequences being different. This held true irrespective of whether populations were assumed to exhibit compensatory responses as species were removed or added. These findings suggest that the functional consequences of local biodiversity loss can be reversed by alleviating its drivers, as different species present at comparable levels of species richness during biodiversity loss and recovery phases have similar functional effects. Empirically verifying and determining the generality of our model-based results are potential next steps for future research.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

FIGURE 7 in Synchrotron-radiation computed tomography uncovers ecosystem functions of fly larvae in an Eocene forest

FIGURE 7. Diversity of fly larvae in Baltic amber. A, SMF-BE-10652, ventral view; B, same, trunk end, ventral view; C, Heleomyzidae, puparium, Dip-00890, dorsal; D, same, anterior spiracles; E, same, ventral view; F, same, posterior spiracles, dorsal view.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

FIGURE 4 in Synchrotron-radiation computed tomography uncovers ecosystem functions of fly larvae in an Eocene forest

FIGURE 4. Representatives of Cyclorrhapha, morphotype 1, AKBS-0030. A, reconstruction of the Baltic amber forest: feces with larvae of Cyclorrhapha, morphotype 1 larvae at the front; the adult fly Gedanoleria eocenica Woźnica, 2019 (Heleomyzidae) at the feces; the early horse Eurohippus messelensis feeding at the background, representing hypothetical herbivores, which may have left feces, preserved as organic mass in the amber piece (Artist: Natalia Jagielska); B, SR-µCT scan render of the full amber piece, organic mass in light-grey and larvae in red; C, surface rendering on the SR-µCT scan, organic mass in violet and larvae in orange; D, surface renders of the individual larvae.

FIGURE 4 in Changes in ecosystem functions generated by fish populations after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 4 | Temporal decay of taxonomic and functional similarity (Bray Curtis, biomass-based) during the study period, calculated as the composition similarity of the Pre period against each Post period.

FIGURE 6 in Changes in ecosystem functions generated by fish populations after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 6 | Correlations between species richness and the intensity of ecosystem functions performed by fish populations. The significance of correlations was tested through Spearman's non-parametric correlation. Ecosystem functions: A. Energy Source; B. Habitat; C. Regional Flow (migration); D. Regional Flow (local); E. Plant Disperser; F. Engineering; G. Services.

FIGURE 5 in Changes in ecosystem functions generated by fish populations after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 5 | Correlations between species richness and (A) total biomass and (B) number of ecosystem functions performed by fish populations. The significance of correlations was tested through Spearman's non-parametric correlation.

FIGURE 3 in Changes in ecosystem functions generated by fish populations after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 3 | Ecosystem functions generated by fish populations associated with macrophyte beds in Rosana Reservoir, before (Pre) and after (Post 1 to 5) the introduction of Cichla kelberi. Mean ± standard error. Ecosystem functions: A. Energy Source; B. Habitat; C. Regional Flow (migration); D. Regional Flow (local); E. Plant Disperser; F. Engineering; G. Services.

FIGURE 1 in Changes in ecosystem functions generated by fish populations after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 1 | Species richness (A) and total biomass (B) in fish assemblages associated with macrophyte beds in Rosana Reservoir, before (Pre) and after (Post 1 to 5) the introduction of Cichla kelberi. Mean ± standard error.

FIGURE 2 in Changes in ecosystem functions generated by fish populations after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

FIGURE 2 | Biomass of the most abundant fish species associated with macrophyte beds in Rosana Reservoir, before (Pre) and after (Post 1 to 5) the introduction of Cichla kelberi. Mean ± standard error. A. Hemigrammus marginatus, Metynnis lippincottianus, Roeboides descalvadensis; B. Serrasalmus marginatus, Serrapinnus notomelas, Satanoperca pappaterra; C. Cichla kelberi, Eigenmannia trilineata, and Hyphessobrycon eques.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

CESM2.2-8P4Z data supporting Yu et al. (2024): Simulating ecosystem dynamics and marine biogeochemical cycles with multiple plankton functional types

This dataset contains the model output from CESM2.2-8P4Z, used in Yu et al. (2024) and submitted to the Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES). These are the last 20-year averaged output files from 310 years of the model simulations, which are analyzed in Yu et al., (2024). CESM2.2-8P4Z contains twelve plankton groups, including eight types of phytoplankton: 1) picophytoplankton groups: Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes and diazotrophs; 2) nanophytoplankton groups: Phaeocystis, coccolithophores and a generic other nanophytoplankton; 3) micro-sized phytoplankton: diatoms; and four types of zooplankton: small microzooplankton (5-20 um, such as ciliates, nanoflagellates), large microzooplankton (20-200 um, such as copepod nauplii, small dinoflagellates etc.), mesozooplankton (200-2000 um, such as smaller copepod, large dinoflagellates) and macrozooplankton (>2000 um, such as larger copepod, krill). The MARBL-8P4Z model improves seasonal simulation of the spring bloom compared with more simplified MARBL configurations, benefiting from dampened diatom blooms at higher latitudes due to a combination of bottom-up and top-down drivers.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Exotics are more complementary over time in tree biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments

Background and aims The Biodiversity – Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) literature proposes that ecosystem functioning increases with biodiversity because of complementarity in resource use among species, associated with functional diversity. In this study, we challenge the trait-based ecology framework by comparing congeneric exotic (European) and native (North American) tree species showing similar resource-use functional trait values. The trait-based framework suggests that two functionally equivalent species should play similar roles in a community, resulting in similar interactions and performances. However, several studies showed that when growing in mixtures, exotic species that are functionally equivalent to native species benefitted from enemy-release, resulting in a reduced apparent competition. We hypothesize that exotic species should be more productive than native species because the exotic species benefit from reduced apparent competition due to enemy-release rather than from possessing more competitive resource-use functional traits. Methods We study a diversity experiments, part of the International Diversity Experiment Network with Trees (IDENT), composed of two identical sites, each with two orthogonal diversity gradients: species richness and functional diversity. The functional gradient consists of species combinations of equal richness but increasing functional diversity, using different combinations of species provenance to assess the relationship between productivity, functional diversity and species provenance, independently of species richness. We grew a total of 12 species (six native, six exotic) in different combinations of one, two and six species mixtures. The exotic species were selected based on their functional equivalence to their native congeneric species. Key Results Eight years after planting, we found that exotic species were more productive than native species, but only at high functional diversity. Results indicate that exotic species overall benefit from a reduced apparent competition, and that exotic-increased productivity at high functional diversity is consistent with the enemy release hypothesis. Conclusions After eight years, exotic species were more productive overall than their native counterparts, but only in the most functionally diverse communities. This study represents a first step in understanding the relative importance of complementarity in resource-use and apparent competition in a context of an exotic tree species invasion.