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1,921 results for “fertilizers”
Conflict over fertilization underlies the transient evolution of reinforcement
<p>When two species meet in secondary contact, the production of low-fitness hybrids may be prevented by the adaptive evolution of increased prezygotic isolation, a process known as reinforcement. Theoretical challenges to the evolution of reinforcement are generally cast as a coordination problem, i.e. "how can statistical associations between traits and preferences be maintained in the face of recombination?" However, the evolution of reinforcement also poses a potential conflict between mates. For example, the opportunity costs to hybridization may differ between the sexes or species. This is particularly likely for reinforcement based on postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) incompatibilities, as the ability to fertilize both conspecific and heterospecific eggs is beneficial to male gametes, but heterospecific mating may incur a cost for female gametes. We develop a population genetic model of interspecific conflict over reinforcement inspired by "gametophytic factors'', which act as PMPZ barriers among <em>Zea mays</em> subspecies. We demonstrate that this conflict results in the transient evolution of reinforcement––after females adaptively evolve to reject gametes lacking a signal common in conspecific gametes, this gamete signal adaptively introgresses into the other population. Ultimately the male gamete signal fixes in both species, and isolation returns to pre-reinforcement levels. We interpret geographic patterns of isolation among <em>Z. mays</em> subspecies considering these findings and suggest when and how this conflict can be resolved. Our results suggest that sexual conflict over fertilization may pose an understudied obstacle to the evolution of reinforcement. </p>
Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019). in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019).
FIGURE 19. Mendoncia vinciflora. A. Fertile node with one dichasium bearing a in Systematics of Mendoncia (Acanthaceae: Thunbergioideae) in the Paleotropics
FIGURE 19. Mendoncia vinciflora. A. Fertile node with one dichasium bearing a flower (Humbert 25016). B. Corolla tube split open to show androecium (Humbert 25016). C. Apex of peduncle and flower following dehiscence of corolla, showing (from bottom) flared apex of peduncle, short pedicel, calyx, nectar disc, and gynoecium (Humbert 7039). D. Drupe (Randrianarivelo et al. 330). Drawn by Sarah Adler.
Phosphorous fertilization and soil pH affect the growth of deciduous trees in a temperate hardwood forest
<p>To better understand how a forest’s response to P limitation and acidic deposition can change over time, we added P, limestone to raise pH, and a cross-treatment where both P and limestone were added to 3 different northeastern Ohio forest stands over a 12-year period. Internally, we call this experiment APEX, which stands for Acid Precipitation EXperiment. We tracked diameter at breast height (DBH) of the trees annually, conducted foliar nutrient analyses, and collected tree roots to assess treatment impacts on mycorrhizal colonization. We analyzed our dataset in three sections: the first 6 years after manipulation, the latter 6 years, and the entire 12-year period. These sections allowed us to compare differences between early responses to manipulation and later responses. The R code included here shows how these sections of data were analyzed using linear mixed effect models and Tukey post hoc tests (with the R packages lme4 and multcomp, respectively) and graphed (with the package ggplot2). The three R code files include analyses of 1) litter biomass and chemistry (APEX_leaf_litter_R_code.R), 2) ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and root biomass estimates from trees associated with these mycorrhizal types (APEX_mycorrhizal_roots_R_code.R), and 3) relative basal area increment that was calculated for different tree species and mycorrhizal association types using DBH measurements (APEX_RBAI_R_code.R). All input csv files are included here.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Zygoparity in Characidae - the first case of internal fertilization in the teleost cohort Otomorpha
FIGURE 2 | Oocyte and fertilized eggs of Compsura heterura. A. Unfertilized oocyte in ovary (follicle); B. fertilized egg in ovary (ovarian lumen) and C. gonoduct (Od); D. fertilized spawned egg. Yg, yolk granules; Ca, cortical alveoli; asterisk, chorion; Fe, follicular epithelium; N, nucleus; n, nucleoli; Y, yolk; Cc, cortical cytoplasm; Ps, perivitelline space; arrow, micropyle; Vp, vegetative poles; Ap, animal poles; In, intestine; M, muscle tissue.
Figure 2 in Effect of untreated and pretreated sugarcane molasses on growth performance of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae in inorganic fertilizer and macrophyte extract culture media
Figure 2. Cell density and growth rate of Haematococcus pluvialis in two different culture media NPK and ME, in mixotrophic cultivation untreated (UN) and pretreated (PR) sugarcane molasses. Error bars express standard mean deviations.
Figure 3 in Effect of untreated and pretreated sugarcane molasses on growth performance of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae in inorganic fertilizer and macrophyte extract culture media
Figure 3. Protein (P), lipids (L), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (% biomass dry weight) of Haematococcus pluvialis growth in two different culture media (NPK and ME) in mixotrophic cultivation untreated (UN) and pretreated (PR) sugarcane molasses.
Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits
<p>Within-flower self-pollination should be the major source of self-fertilization in mixed-mating species that present single or few flowers simultaneously. It is also an often unmeasured source of selfing in species with many flowers open simultaneously. In self-compatible species in which pistil and stamen numbers vary, the rate of within-flower selfing should depend on the number of pistils and stamens, the timing of flowering, and the morphology of subsidiary floral traits. The intensity and direction of selection on these traits should thus also depend on the level of inbreeding depression. Here, we measured the dependence of the within-flower selfing rate on floral sex allocation, phenology, petal length, and floral stalk height in a population of the perennial herb <em>Pulsatilla alpina</em> (Ranunculaceae) in which most individuals had single flowers. We estimated inbreeding depression in the population by comparing inbreeding coefficients between parents and seed progeny using microsatellite markers. We then estimated selection on the measured traits via female reproductive success at the flower level and compared our estimates with a hypothetical scenario in which inbreeding depression was assumed to be absent. Inbreeding depression was estimated to be severe (0.95). The within-flower selfing rate varied widely among flowers and depended positively on stamen number and negatively on pistil number and flowering date, supporting the predictions of a mass-action model. The dependence of the selfing rate on the measured floral traits consistently predicted (non-linear) patterns of selection under high inbreeding depression that were distinct from those under a hypothetical scenario of no inbreeding depression.</p> <p>Synthesis: While previous research has emphasized the importance of mass-action mating on selfing among flowers of plants with large floral displays, our results demonstrate its importance for selfing within individual flowers. They also demonstrate the importance of accounting for both the selfing rate and inbreeding depression when inferring selection on floral and other traits via female fitness.</p>
Fig. 1 in In vitro fertilizations with cryopreserved sperm of Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ecuador
Fig. 1. Rhinella marina embryo at 31 Gosner stage from in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved sperm.
Marriage Proportion, Age Specific Fertility, Births within Marriage ratios for US, Japan, and selected European countries
<p>Dataset to accompany the paper "Marital fertility patterns and nonmarital birth ratios: an integrated approach"</p> <p>Includes:</p> <p>US African American women and White American women data on age-specific fertility (5-year groups), age specific marital fertility (5-year groups), proportion of women with a first marriage (5-year groups), and the ratio of births within marriage (5-year groups) as well as calculated values from the paper. For ages 15-44 and years 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000.</p> <p>Selected European country women data on age-specific fertility (5-year groups), age specific marital fertility (5-year groups), proportion of women with a first marriage (5-year groups), and the ratio of births within marriage (5-year groups) as well as calculated values from the paper. For ages 15-44 and years 1991, 2001, and 2011 (data not available for all countries in all years).</p> <p>Japanese women data on age-specific fertility (5-year groups), age specific marital fertility (5-year groups), proportion of women with a first marriage (5-year groups), and the ratio of births within marriage (5-year groups) as well as calculated values from the paper. For ages 15-44 and years 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010.</p> <p> </p>
Figure 3 in Soil Oligochaeta communities after 9 decades of continuous fertilization in a bare fallow experiment
Figure 3. Feeding activity (mean of 16 bait-lamina sticks, N plots per treatment), in % of the total number of baits consumed.
Fig. 2 in Biology and fertility life table of Bactrocera carambolae on grape and acerola
Fig. 2. Survival curves of Bactrocera carambolae adults grown on grapes (Vitis vinifera) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata) in laboratory (26 ± 2 ◦C; 60 ± 10% RH; photophase 12 h).
Fig. 2 in Effect of different diets on biology, reproductive variables and life and fertility tables of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Fig. 2. Survival probability (lx), expressed in percentage, and specific fertility (mx) expressed as average number of eggs per day of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) fed on Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus, 1758. Temperature 25 ± 1 ◦C, 70 ± 10% RU and humidity and 12:12 h L:D.
Fig. 1 in Effect of different diets on biology, reproductive variables and life and fertility tables of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Fig. 1. Survival probability (lx), expressed in percentage, and specific fertility (mx) expressed as average number of eggs per day of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) fed on Cinara atlantica (Wilson, 1919). Temperature 25 ± 1 ◦C, 70 ± 10% RU and humidity and 12:12 h L:D.
Fig. 3 in Effect of different diets on biology, reproductive variables and life and fertility tables of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Fig. 3. Survival probability (lx), expressed in percentage, and specific fertility (mx) expressed as average number of eggs per day of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) fed on Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879). Temperature 25 ± 1 ◦C, 70 ± 10% RU and humidity and 12:12 h L:D.
Figure 3 in Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on Capoeta capoeta: an immunohistopathological and biochemical investigation
Figure 3. Immunohistochemistry for SOD. No SOD immunoreactivity in liver tissue in group 1 (a). Moderate and strong SOD immunoreactivity (arrows) in hepatocytes in group 2 (b) and group 3 (c), respectively. In gill tissue, no SOD immunoreactivity in group 1 (d) while few lamellar epithelial cells show light to moderate SOD immunoreactivity (arrows) in group 2 (e) and group 3 (f). In intestine tissue, no SOD immunoreactivity in group 1 (g) while moderate to strong reactivity (arrows) in intestinal villi epithelia in group 2 (h) and group 3 (i). Group 1: control, group 2: fish exposed to 15 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer for 15 days, and group 3: fish exposed to 30 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer for 15 days.
Figure 2 in Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on Capoeta capoeta: an immunohistopathological and biochemical investigation
Figure 2. Immunohistochemistry for catalase. In liver tissue, no catalase immunoreactivity in group 1 (a) while there are many hepatocytes showing strong immunoreactivity (arrows) in group 2 (b) and group 3 (c). No catalase immunoreactivity is present in gill tissue in group 1 (d). Light to moderate catalase immunoreactive cells were seen in lamellar epithelia (arrows) in group 2 (e) and group 3 (f). No catalase immunoreactivity in intestine tissue in group 1 (g), group 2 (h), and group 3 (i). Group 1: control, group 2: fish exposed to 15 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer for 15 days, and group 3: fish exposed to 30 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer for 15 days.
Figure 1 in Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on Capoeta capoeta: an immunohistopathological and biochemical investigation
Figure 1. Histopathology of liver tissue in group 1 (a), group 2 (b), and group 3 (c). Hydropic degeneration in hepatocytes (black arrows) in nitrogen fertilizer exposed fish. In gill tissue, normal histomorphology in group 1 (d) while blunting and association in some secondary lamellae (black arrows) and some vacuolated epithelia (white arrows) in group 2 (e) and group 3 (f). Normal intestinal morphology in group 1 (g) while occasional blunting in intestinal villi (black arrows) in group 2 (h) and group 3 (i). Group 1: control, group 2: fish exposed to 15 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer for 15 days, and group 3: fish exposed to 30 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer for 15 days. Hematoxylin-eosin.
Fig. 20 in Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with a description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae)
Fig. 20. Light micrographs through gill gland of mature male Bryconadenos tanaothoros, SL 36.6 mm (USNM 352061). A, entire gill gland showing chambers (c) containing some stained material; unmodified gills are seen at the extreme left and right; bar, 100 µm. B, Enlargement of same specimen showing one chamber (c) with tall columnar cells in between reduced secondary lamellae (arrows); bar, 20 µm.
Fig. 19. Light micrographs through gill glands.A in Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with a description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae)
Fig. 19. Light micrographs through gill glands.A, male Attonitus bounites, SL 43.0 mm (USNM 349701), longitudinal section through gill gland showing the ventral epithelium (arrows) that results in the formation of gill gland chambers (c); arrowhead indicates an unmodified gill filament; bar, 200 µm. B, same specimen showing tall columnar cells (arrows) in between reduced secondary lamellae; s, secretory material; bar, 50 µm. C, male A. irisae, SL 46.1 mm (USNM 349698), longitudinal section through immature gill gland showing the epithelium (arrows) covering the gland chambers (c); bar, 200 µm.
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