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405 results for “flight data”
Sexual selection for flight performance in hummingbirds data
<p><span>Among size-dimorphic animals, a few clades such as hummingbirds show 'reversed' sexual size dimorphism: females tend to be the larger sex. What selects for this pattern? Sexual selection for flight performance could drive the evolution of smaller, more agile males, either for male-male combat or female choice for aerial courtship displays. Alternately, natural selection can select for female fecundity (e.g. egg size influences female body size), or sex differences in foraging niche could favor body size differences. The sexual selection hypotheses predict that dimorphism extends to other aspects of flight morphology (e.g. flight muscle size) whereas the natural selection hypotheses predict that male and female flight morphologies are isometric, and the niche differentiation hypothesis predicts that bill dimorphism is correlated with size dimorphism. We tested these predictions through phylogenetic comparative analyses of flight morphology, wingbeat frequency, and courtship behaviors, focused on 30 species within the "bee" hummingbird clade (tribe Mellisugini). There is no correlation between bill morphology and dimorphism. Relative to females, males tend to be smaller, have proportionately shorter wings and higher hovering wingbeat frequencies, but also longer keels and larger flight muscles. Male wingbeat frequencies are greatly elevated during aerial displays, and the species with the greatest wingbeat frequencies have the greatest dimorphism. Of the four hypotheses for dimorphism, the data best support the hypothesis that female choice for courtship displays has selected for aerial agility and small size in male hummingbirds.</span></p>
Drivers of Odonata flight timing revealed by natural history collection data
<p>Global change may cause widespread phenological shifts. But knowledge of the extent and generality of these shifts is limited by the availability of phenological records with sufficiently large spatiotemporal extents. Using North American odonates (damselflies and dragonflies) as a model system, we show how a combination of natural history museum and community science collections, beginning in 1901 and extending through 2020, can be leveraged to better understand phenology.</p> <p>We begin with an analysis of odonate functional traits. Principal coordinate analysis is used to place odonate genera within a three-dimensional trait ordination. From this, we identify seven distinct functional groups and select a single odonate genus to represent each group. Next, we pair the odonate records with a list of environmental covariates, including air temperature and degree days, photoperiod, precipitation, latitude, and elevation. An iterative subsampling process is then used to mitigate spatiotemporal sampling bias within the odonate dataset. Finally, we use path analysis to quantify the direct effects of degree days, photoperiod, and precipitation on odonate emergence timing, while accounting for indirect effects of latitude, elevation, and year.</p> <p>Path models showed that degree days, photoperiod, and precipitation each have a significant influence on odonate emergence timing, but degree days have the largest overall effect. Notably, the effect that each covariate has on emergence timing varied among functional groups, with positive relationships observed for some group representatives and negative relationships observed for others. For instance, Calopteryx sp. emerged earlier as degree days increased, while Sympetrum sp. emerged later.</p> <p>Previous studies have linked odonate emergence timing to temperature, photoperiod, or precipitation. By using natural history museum and community science data to simultaneously examine all three influences, we show that systems-level understanding of odonate phenology may now be possible. </p>
Data from: Consistency in the flight and visual orientation distances of habituated chacma baboons after an observed leopard predation: Do flight initiation distance methods always measure perceived predation risk?
<p>Flight initiation distance (FID) procedures are used to assess the risk perception animals have for threats (e.g., natural predators, hunters) but it is unclear whether these assessments remain meaningful if animals have habituated to certain human stimuli (e.g., researchers, tourists). Our previous work showed that habituated baboons displayed individually distinct and consistent responses to human approaches, a tolerance trait, but it is unknown if the trait is resilient to life-threatening scenarios. If it were consistent, it would imply FIDs might measure specific human threat perception only and not generalise to other threats such as predators when animals have experienced habituation processes. We used FID procedures to compare baseline responses to the visual orientation distance, FID, and individual tolerance estimates assessed after a leopard predation on an adult male baboon (group member). All variables were consistent despite the predation event, suggesting tolerance to observers was largely unaffected by the predation and FID procedures are unlikely to be generalisable to other threats when habituation has occurred. FID approaches could be an important tool for assessing how humans influence animal behaviour across a range of contexts, but careful planning is required to understand the type of stimuli presented.</p>
XPlane flight data
<p>Flights flown in the X-Plane flight simulator for data gathering purposes.</p> <p>Aircraft: Boeing 737-800</p> <p>Time of recording: October 2020 - January 2021</p> <p>Geographic area: Europe (Frankfurt most prominent departure airport)</p> <p>Sampling rate: 1Hz</p> <p>Weather conditions: reflect real time</p> <p>Flight time: reflect real time</p> <p>Information gathered (X-plane output settings): Times (1) Speeds (3) Mach, VVI, g-load (4) Joystick aileron/elevator/rudder (8) Gear & brakes (14) Pitch, roll & headings (17) Latitude, longitude & altitude (20) Throttle commanded (25) Throttle actual (26) Engine feather, normal, beta & reserve (27) Engine power (34) Engine thrust (35) Engine torque (36) Engine RPM (37) N1 (41) N2 (42) Manifold pressure (43) Pressure ratio EPR (44) Fuel flow FF (45) Turbine inlet emperature ITT (46) Exhaust gas temperature EGT (47) Gear forces (137) Landing gear vertical force (66) Landing gear deployment (67) Landing gear steering (134) Rudder deflections (75) Yaw and brake deflections (76)</p> <p> </p> <p>For more details about the variables refer to: <a href="https://www.x-plane.com/kb/data-set-output-table/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener">https://www.x-plane.com/kb/data-set-output-table/</a></p>
Data from: Fungicide suppression of flight performance in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and its amelioration by quercetin
As a managed agricultural pollinator, the western honey bee Apis mellifera frequently encounters agrochemicals as contaminants of nectar and pollen. One such contaminant, the fungicide boscalid, is applied at bloom in orchards for fungal floral pathogen control. As an inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain of fungi, boscalid can potentially interfere with high energy-demanding activities of bees, including flight. We designed an indoor flight treadmill to evaluate impacts of ingesting boscalid and/or quercetin, a ubiquitous phytochemical in bee food that also affects mitochondrial respiration. Boscalid reduced the wing-beat frequencies of foragers during flight but did not alter the duration of flight. At the colony level, boscalid ingestion may thereby affect overall health by reducing forager efficiency. Consumption of quercetin, by contrast, led to higher adenosine triphosphate levels in flight muscles and a higher wing-beat frequency. Consuming the two compounds together increased wing beat frequency, demonstrating a hitherto unrecognized mechanism by which dietary phytochemicals may act to ameliorate toxic effects of pesticides to promote honey bee health. In carrying out this work, we also introduce two methodological improvements for use in testing for pesticide effects on flight capacity—a "force-feeding" to standardize flight fuel supply and a novel indoor flight treadmill.
Data from: Successful despite poor flight performance: range expansion is associated with enhanced exploratory behaviour and fast development
Anthropogenic interference forces species to respond to changing environmental conditions. One possible response is dispersal and concomitant range shifts, allowing individuals to escape unfavourable conditions or to track the shifting climate niche. Range expansions depend on both dispersal capacity and the ability to establish populations beyond the former range. We here compare well-established core populations with recently established edge populations in the currently northward expanding butterfly Lycaena tityrus. Edge populations were characterized by shorter development times and smaller size, a higher sensitivity to high temperature, and an enhanced exploratory behaviour. The differences between core and edge populations found suggest adaptation to local climates and an enhanced dispersal ability in edge populations. In particular, enhanced exploratory behaviour may be advantageous in all steps of the dispersal process and may have facilitated the current range expansion. This study describes differences associated with a current range expansion, knowledge which might be useful for a better understanding of species responses to environmental change. We further report on variation between males and females in morphology and flight behaviour, with males showing a longer flight endurance and more pronounced exploratory behaviour than females.
Flight Test data_v1.0._OD_WP3_D3.4.1
<p>Flight Test data_v1.0._OD_WP3_D3.4.1 Preliminary Report</p>
Data from: Towards the automatic classification of avian flight calls for bioacoustic monitoring
Automatic classification of animal vocalizations has great potential to enhance the monitoring of species movements and behaviors. This is particularly true for monitoring nocturnal bird migration, where automated classification of migrants' flight calls could yield new biological insights and conservation applications for birds that vocalize during migration. In this paper we investigate the automatic classification of bird species from flight calls, and in particular the relationship between two different problem formulations commonly found in the literature: classifying a short clip containing one of a fixed set of known species (N-class problem) and the continuous monitoring problem, the latter of which is relevant to migration monitoring. We implemented a state-of-the-art audio classification model based on unsupervised feature learning and evaluated it on three novel datasets, one for studying the N-class problem including over 5000 flight calls from 43 different species, and two realistic datasets for studying the monitoring scenario comprising hundreds of thousands of audio clips that were compiled by means of remote acoustic sensors deployed in the field during two migration seasons. We show that the model achieves high accuracy when classifying a clip to one of N known species, even for a large number of species. In contrast, the model does not perform as well in the continuous monitoring case. Through a detailed error analysis (that included full expert review of false positives and negatives) we show the model is confounded by varying background noise conditions and previously unseen vocalizations. We also show that the model needs to be parameterized and benchmarked differently for the continuous monitoring scenario. Finally, we show that despite the reduced performance, given the right conditions the model can still characterize the migration pattern of a specific species. The paper concludes with directions for future research.
Data from: Convergent regulatory evolution and loss of flight in palaeognathous birds
A core question in evolutionary biology is whether convergent phenotypic evolution is driven by convergent molecular changes in proteins or regulatory regions. We combined phylogenomic, developmental, and epigenomic analysis of 11 new genomes of paleognathous birds, including an extinct moa, to show that convergent evolution of regulatory regions, more so than protein-coding genes, is prevalent among developmental pathways associated with independent losses of flight. A Bayesian analysis of 284,001 conserved noncoding elements, 60,665 of which are corroborated as enhancers by open chromatin states during development, identified 2355 independent accelerations along lineages of flightless paleognaths, with functional consequences for driving gene expression in the developing forelimb. Our results suggest that the genomic landscape associated with morphological convergence in ratites has a substantial shared regulatory component.
Gridded airborne laserscanner (ALS) elevation data (L4) for three flights during MOSAiC (prerelease)
<p>An integrated sensor platform including an inertial navigation system (INS) and a commercial (Riegl VQ580) airborne laser scanner (ALS) among other sensor was mounted in the cargo compartment in one of the Polarstern helicopters (D-HARK) during MOSAiC. This sensor combinations allows for a precise mapping of the snow and sea-ice surface around Polarstern at submeter-scale resolution. Information from the ALS data includes the elevation of the snow or ice surface and surface reflectivity at the near-infrared wavelength. From the more than 60 flights acquired between October 2019 and September 2020 we prerelease with this gridded data-set three flights for quality-control and test purposes by potential end users. The geographical coordinates of the data have been corrected for the drift of the sea-ice cover during each survey flight and the elevation bias has been corrected based on overlapping flight transects.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Flight dates (Device Operation):</em></p> <ul> <li>Oct. 2, 2019 (PS122/1_2-57)</li> <li>Apr 8, 2020 (PS122/3_35-49)</li> <li>July 22, 2020 (PS122/4_48-69)</li> </ul> <p><em>Variables (file format: netCDF version 4 and geotiffs):</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>Elevation:</strong> elevation of the sea ice or snow surface above WGS84 ellipsoid</li> <li><strong>Reflectance:</strong> range corrected target echo amplitude</li> <li><strong>Echo Width:</strong> width of the target echo return (full width at half maximum)</li> </ul> <p><em>Project</em></p> <p>ALS and INS data was collected as part of the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) with the tag MOSAiC20192020 and the Project_ID: AWI_PS122_00. Data processing and analysis is funded by the BMBF IceSense (03F0866A) project. </p>
Data and code from: Light might suppress both types of sound-evoked anti-predator flight in moths
<p>Urbanization exposes wild animals to increased levels of light, affecting particularly nocturnal animals. Artificial light at night might shift the balance of predator-prey interactions, for example of nocturnal echolocating bats and eared moths. Moths exposed to light show less last-ditch manoeuvres in response to attacking close-by bats. In contrast, the extent to which negative phonotaxis, moths' first line of defence against distant bats, is affected by light is unclear. Here, we aimed to quantify the overall effect of light on both types of sound-evoked anti-predator flight, last-ditch manoeuvres and negative phonotaxis. We caught moths at two light traps, which were alternately equipped with loudspeakers that presented ultrasonic playbacks to simulate hunting bats. The light field was omnidirectional to attract moths equally from all directions. In contrast, the sound field was directional and thus, depending on the moth's approach direction, elicited either only negative phonotaxis, or negative phonotaxis and last-ditch manoeuvres. We did not observe an effect of sound playback on the number of caught moths, suggesting that light might suppress both types of anti-predator flight, as either type would have caused a decline in the number of caught moths. As control, we confirmed that our playback was able to elicit evasive flight in moths in a dark flight room. Showing no effect of a treatment, however, is difficult. We discuss potential alternative explanations for our results, and call for further studies to investigate how light interferes with animal behaviour.</p>
Data from: Repeated alpine flight loss within the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens
<p><span>Flight loss is a common feature of upland insect assemblages, with recent studies detecting parallel wing reduction events across independent alpine lineages. However, the geographic scale over which such repeated evolution can operate remains unclear. In this study, we use genotyping-by-sequencing</span> to assess the genomic relationships among vestigial-winged and full-winged populations of the widespread New Zealand stonefly <em>Nesoperla</em> <em>fulvescens</em>, to test for repeated wing loss events over small spatial scales. Biogeographic analyses indicate that alpine wing loss in this widespread species is restricted to a single, narrow mountain range. Intriguingly, our coalescent analyses indicate that upland vestigial-winged <em>N</em>. <em>fulvescens</em> populations are not sister to one another, suggesting wings have been lost independently in disjunct populations of this species, over a <30 km scale. Our results suggest that selection against flight above the alpine treeline can drive rapid and repeated adaptation even across narrow spatial scales. We propose that such repetitive processes may represent a far more pervasive feature of alpine insect adaptation than is currently recognised.</p>
Data from: Great tits do not compensate over time for a radio-tag-induced reduction in escape-flight performance
<p>The use of biologging and tracking devices is widespread in avian behavioural and ecological studies. Carrying these devices rarely has major behavioural or fitness effects in the wild, yet it may still impact animals in more subtle ways, such as during high power demanding escape manoeuvres. Here, we tested whether or not great tits (Parus major) carrying a backpack radio-tag changed their body-mass or flight behaviour over time to compensate for the detrimental effect of carrying a tag. We tested 18 great tits, randomly assigned to a control (untagged) or one of two different types of a radio-tag as used in previous studies in the wild (0.9 g or 1.2 g; ~5% or ~6–7% of body mass, respectively), and determined their upward escape-flight performance 1, 7, 14, and 28 days-after-tagging. In between experiments, birds were housed in large free-flight aviaries. For each escape-flight, we used high-speed 3D videography to determine flight paths, escape-flight-speed, wingbeat frequency and actuator-disk-loading (ratio between the bird weight and aerodynamic thrust production capacity). Tagged birds flew upwards with lower escape-flight speeds, caused by an increased actuator-disk-loading. During the 28-day period, all groups slightly increased their body mass and their in-flight wingbeat frequency. In addition, during this period all groups of birds increased their escape-flight speed, but tagged birds did so at a lower rate than untagged birds. This suggests that birds may increase their escape flight performance through skill-learning, however, tagged birds still remained slower than controls. Our findings suggest that tagging a songbird can have a prolonged effect on the performance of rapid flight manoeuvres. Given the absence of tag-effects on reproduction and survival in most songbird radio-tagging studies, tagged birds in the wild might adjust their risk-taking behaviour to avoid performing rapid flight manoeuvres.</p>
Supplementary data Quantitative elemental mapping of chondritic meteorites using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS)
<p>Supplementary data Quantitative elemental mapping of chondritic meteorites using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS)English</p>
Data for: Assessment of the accuracy of counting large ungulate species (red deer Cervus elaphus) with UAV-mounted thermal infrared cameras during night flights
<p>Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in wildlife surveying, including estimation of population densities. It is essential that we evaluate and test new survey methods to guide optimal sampling strategies. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of using a UAV-mounted thermal infrared (TIR) camera to count red deer <em>Cervus elaphus</em> populations, and how this was influenced by flight season, height and velocity, in order to help guide future census design. We flew 57 flights across a captive population of red deer in a 13 ha deer park enclosure of semi-natural habitat, representative of the species' range in northern Germany. Flights and image assessments were performed with no prior knowledge of actual population size. Accuracy was quantified by comparing real population size (known only to deer park staff) and independently estimated population sizes from UAV TIR images. Accuracy was significantly influenced by ecological season (early and late winter, spring and early summer) and height. Across all seasons, lower flights (100 m) performed better than higher ones (120 m), with lower flights in early winter and early summer being on average accurate to within 1% of actual population counts. For the season where we had the largest range of temperatures between flights (late winter) we found that accuracy was highest when temperatures were lowest. Flights were also able to identify all five stags (defined as a male deer ≥2 years old) present in early summer, but not in spring. Deer appeared to avoid the landing/take-off area, but there were no noted behavioural responses to drones flying over animals when at constant height and velocity during surveys. Our results indicate that UAV-mounted TIR camera have the potential to accurately count populations of large ungulate species, but that flight season, height and potentially temperature need to be taken into account to maximise accuracy. This approach has the potential to be scaled up to more accurately estimate densities of wild populations compared to existing approaches.</p>
Data from: Flight in ground effect dramatically reduces aerodynamic costs in bats
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Data from: The effects of dietary macronutrients on flight ability, energetics, and fuel metabolism of yellow-rumped warblers Setophaga coronata
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Data from: Great tits do not compensate over time for a radio-tag-induced reduction in escape-flight performance
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Data from: Interspecific variation in the structural properties of flight feathers in birds indicates adaptation to flight requirements and habitat
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Data from: Three dimensional tracking of a wide-ranging marine predator: flight heights and vulnerability to offshore wind farms
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.